tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86545832198204887352024-03-13T09:41:09.323+00:00WINDSONGRoger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.comBlogger451125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-23573819216457049852023-10-01T23:32:00.000+01:002023-10-01T23:32:59.394+01:00AFTER THE STORM<p><span style="font-size: large;"> 1st October 2023</span> – <span style="font-size: large;">Today was a day in the west of Ireland when overnight with the passing of an Atlantic storm the light went from opaque to absolute clarity, the atmosphere from cold to warmth, the landscape from battered to proud, the will from quiet resignation to exuberance.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5cwUEP4p5kSh8_TNg4a9phm-q_rTac3j9U8wyXQhgLCCIt1NPrS72lxxRfgTVhp9I7zl0qrwrloz-8JtEn4bcnJKtLMroiakjCYlqbOdgnJoXatXg7ycUntqnTVqI5r41okJVXLeOu5l30xTDnZOFZpK-Rf57TYHb_aWqv3qOFv5UXTjKkA9tb8Aibow/s1575/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1575" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5cwUEP4p5kSh8_TNg4a9phm-q_rTac3j9U8wyXQhgLCCIt1NPrS72lxxRfgTVhp9I7zl0qrwrloz-8JtEn4bcnJKtLMroiakjCYlqbOdgnJoXatXg7ycUntqnTVqI5r41okJVXLeOu5l30xTDnZOFZpK-Rf57TYHb_aWqv3qOFv5UXTjKkA9tb8Aibow/s320/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.%201.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">WINDBLOWN</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7KPyvDbaFB4_9PyjwKHB9cCGXp3vfb-PpLXHO8cXBZ8X8zFodGv1NsVUJkfFXrexWKpiAVW3xINeqi9iyID2SYOsE_j2a89V7m43WHryyweQ2oQTVlSi_m1RCZXJRZ-S_w8oSqh467WWihy_d3IT7Z0h2dH0e6XM0fZjC-lMZVpL5HMNSzbqsziU9nag/s1575/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1575" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7KPyvDbaFB4_9PyjwKHB9cCGXp3vfb-PpLXHO8cXBZ8X8zFodGv1NsVUJkfFXrexWKpiAVW3xINeqi9iyID2SYOsE_j2a89V7m43WHryyweQ2oQTVlSi_m1RCZXJRZ-S_w8oSqh467WWihy_d3IT7Z0h2dH0e6XM0fZjC-lMZVpL5HMNSzbqsziU9nag/w462-h273/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.11.jpg" width="462" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Roundstone - Cloch na Rón or Seal's Rock</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFodTsZlMCeDd9UA9MCkyb2tZhORdVU2ZCLTM9pg1UH4oOjoV0VF_4WV1Q62me_5IBx5kh7_uQ_zXqBoXKCbwWu6a5udSdg7LtHtWzj8O9ntoFiKQc0DqMafVfaG1YAxYZTUPeYsvYlYtBPiJvLG1U-mu6Z0XnLjw5yVwLpTENTtciLGwZW_eHc_Pf_s/s1575/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="1575" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFodTsZlMCeDd9UA9MCkyb2tZhORdVU2ZCLTM9pg1UH4oOjoV0VF_4WV1Q62me_5IBx5kh7_uQ_zXqBoXKCbwWu6a5udSdg7LtHtWzj8O9ntoFiKQc0DqMafVfaG1YAxYZTUPeYsvYlYtBPiJvLG1U-mu6Z0XnLjw5yVwLpTENTtciLGwZW_eHc_Pf_s/w478-h284/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.12.jpg" width="478" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Stairway to the Hag</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">see: http://deworde.blogspot.com/2016/03/rihla-journey-57-quays-to-connemara.html</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHGZlGY0bqGIGaN1j1fnpbaNbTaSn7QlUXGlmWaRp_y1f9h5fL9LyiNTG20SfGxxIHFwXt9kSeSmwPdccVCReA1DLgNA4vy0UatRzK-0AYQDQAfByQTYqefJ1btsn8SPLtvC7XL1qIxt4kxpOfzIKPG3_fmytEgu_q5qIQW1ziw53YbafuqdkTZJrGDQ/s1575/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="1575" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHGZlGY0bqGIGaN1j1fnpbaNbTaSn7QlUXGlmWaRp_y1f9h5fL9LyiNTG20SfGxxIHFwXt9kSeSmwPdccVCReA1DLgNA4vy0UatRzK-0AYQDQAfByQTYqefJ1btsn8SPLtvC7XL1qIxt4kxpOfzIKPG3_fmytEgu_q5qIQW1ziw53YbafuqdkTZJrGDQ/w458-h256/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.3.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Girl and Wave</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbysq3c5O-hHhZ7wt4F7IPfKCcszeq6cDzuGddm_AAkX4c3NVHNmFCPX-gEmiNbICgDuhj2LtNPMtMP4asvYsV3w-tdZfud0C2XTgj0kIp7RPQKmabKvkxwCuKtMHbaGocEtVoxd5WYJlDr_9nv4kCQjeVm1Etcm04TNUEIMJpAo_bUTh3NkreClFKS8k/s1378/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1378" data-original-width="1033" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbysq3c5O-hHhZ7wt4F7IPfKCcszeq6cDzuGddm_AAkX4c3NVHNmFCPX-gEmiNbICgDuhj2LtNPMtMP4asvYsV3w-tdZfud0C2XTgj0kIp7RPQKmabKvkxwCuKtMHbaGocEtVoxd5WYJlDr_9nv4kCQjeVm1Etcm04TNUEIMJpAo_bUTh3NkreClFKS8k/s320/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.4.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ancient boundary</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoNWG58HU06jKQrXkH_HjnFQnZmr3_KH5s0Rk05ckwoqhN2rOYMbvhc5YqsmOVeZRhexhengEcOfYFwMC4tM0Gq8bV4xT7ecqUXCCoHeT_r8yRa987jxq2ICTW2OR7vPWNe-laha7jq3EhTiRh6PaSHx5a2bYfXZOP76TQ4CTv8S4VTDUCCGKQi7HAHG8/s1378/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1378" data-original-width="1032" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoNWG58HU06jKQrXkH_HjnFQnZmr3_KH5s0Rk05ckwoqhN2rOYMbvhc5YqsmOVeZRhexhengEcOfYFwMC4tM0Gq8bV4xT7ecqUXCCoHeT_r8yRa987jxq2ICTW2OR7vPWNe-laha7jq3EhTiRh6PaSHx5a2bYfXZOP76TQ4CTv8S4VTDUCCGKQi7HAHG8/s320/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.5.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Huge Hare .... briefly!</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFQoV_AC_dWAthGpmF_Kzslaa6exs7TEWaUE_RRPIP_gZS9TjSf3OXF4nLazffxXMNZDoaCfJH5lX3Mrldd3BdEgxJOUGRVw7pfNNGDrIDKdsPICakPv5FCxkn4HF4ClPge-n6GskaOaTClhdyMwvNAzKMinycDW8ZrgBG1ClvNifar1uGIc3C7hVKNh8/s1575/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1575" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFQoV_AC_dWAthGpmF_Kzslaa6exs7TEWaUE_RRPIP_gZS9TjSf3OXF4nLazffxXMNZDoaCfJH5lX3Mrldd3BdEgxJOUGRVw7pfNNGDrIDKdsPICakPv5FCxkn4HF4ClPge-n6GskaOaTClhdyMwvNAzKMinycDW8ZrgBG1ClvNifar1uGIc3C7hVKNh8/w442-h282/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.6.jpg" width="442" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">No "end" in sight!</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-kvYxqAx1ex1CeUvVzQ2-R3n5JgmYdJfGT6FNyBXot1fKMcSz4lwMmmNLNJVbQfrd9CqDl-TGG_W2WOAMc6UieYO1p-BlCyH4nHNEeHO7u84Hm969r5cf8OjTU__InZUzFIsyOE5MD0rEGnbvJoO0Q_UExgFCofbYcRGLBb8Gkxjrni5WoVteVm6iZk/s1772/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="832" data-original-width="1772" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-kvYxqAx1ex1CeUvVzQ2-R3n5JgmYdJfGT6FNyBXot1fKMcSz4lwMmmNLNJVbQfrd9CqDl-TGG_W2WOAMc6UieYO1p-BlCyH4nHNEeHO7u84Hm969r5cf8OjTU__InZUzFIsyOE5MD0rEGnbvJoO0Q_UExgFCofbYcRGLBb8Gkxjrni5WoVteVm6iZk/s320/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsR7VQ-qgeLjh5bA-EzFyIALOZv5V2v0b-6zFGfT5cIZxjXfNheiQRCKVzQbLmc6cZ2v3HyOSMlpbg5jJd3PMr8geXW1_lqUOvW6ve5PEu9fgkD_8A9NU60VwAmm5gTy8Og9INgV89099MSg7zBKryY2B0aLDSp23KuaAptdHvvQuZT9qoIx1tDh8PxtU/s2362/GURTEEN%20&%20DOGS%20BAY%20011023.8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sand Lines</span></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-19510676791704313142023-08-16T20:31:00.000+01:002023-08-16T20:31:06.606+01:00MUSHROOM TREES: BARNA WOODS, GALWAY; AUGUST 2023<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ90N7M1ym3bp9U277OaF0k2mi0a8BYb00bak06RPubXStZGyp0Wu4UzQLbHxbi34YDTQIliBm3-UNWs2iEiwrZdqWYv77alDdKFg-fI1019RVBaQozMUBxKpfA20spSsEwn2Xuglbwa3OryWzeu6Qa0T_1x3UESTU2ipdfCr4Ivtnj220Ii2bdg6_2CE/s1417/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqnV1rOprCmjopLMxaP5q-9AVkHvMF0OnRsx-V0iPwlWpAQyQBZcj6jLWOJuXJHwCYZmfVRRVyF65Y2fXHvr_4KO85aRyTWWRZtEzMM88rV11LWrOcNJ2KOmk_7htxc4WkLMzdHATS1YSeXYKnt5mawAUD3ygi9bHMCqg8RDyRjXjhOAPZlBOrzKb/s1772/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2023.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1772" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqnV1rOprCmjopLMxaP5q-9AVkHvMF0OnRsx-V0iPwlWpAQyQBZcj6jLWOJuXJHwCYZmfVRRVyF65Y2fXHvr_4KO85aRyTWWRZtEzMM88rV11LWrOcNJ2KOmk_7htxc4WkLMzdHATS1YSeXYKnt5mawAUD3ygi9bHMCqg8RDyRjXjhOAPZlBOrzKb/w430-h286/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2023.jpg" width="430" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The avenue towards the old Quadrangle of newly rebranded University of Galway </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">( from NUIG – National University of Ireland Galway)</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlxHrK--Fiqot0-_Sngp5q8lI8YmhORzXMkB1zghoxrKLFyFY4NpEeO_fqZFg6PCRVzk43h9vvW6lTFy5JQja59UVSbxtU3e6dcH0ou3LG0a-HL6uI5MqT09U9GxiqcYVvuX4pwEMkWYKGoc8lDjpqpHaNUny3hgbEKr47BVTqgba87ngDIeuUDw2m/s1387/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2022.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="1181" height="469" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlxHrK--Fiqot0-_Sngp5q8lI8YmhORzXMkB1zghoxrKLFyFY4NpEeO_fqZFg6PCRVzk43h9vvW6lTFy5JQja59UVSbxtU3e6dcH0ou3LG0a-HL6uI5MqT09U9GxiqcYVvuX4pwEMkWYKGoc8lDjpqpHaNUny3hgbEKr47BVTqgba87ngDIeuUDw2m/w399-h469/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2022.jpg" width="399" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Salmon Cast</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNQ6IpZnwLyeSyjyEK72wgS0qWaw4JpOWTUWhVS3JlvY734rSUdEemZFXsKzSNsT8jbSWCNvLUr4b06H0kZD9VZKBVCCaQXtPlhRxS6A-aQFPPsE8dOM208vzozdlIC3Vki7i1Wy6UMEl_WNZO5Y4G06nomECMgMpzDQ8r-rU-lLTr1Bg6U7zJNtXE/s1371/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1371" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNQ6IpZnwLyeSyjyEK72wgS0qWaw4JpOWTUWhVS3JlvY734rSUdEemZFXsKzSNsT8jbSWCNvLUr4b06H0kZD9VZKBVCCaQXtPlhRxS6A-aQFPPsE8dOM208vzozdlIC3Vki7i1Wy6UMEl_WNZO5Y4G06nomECMgMpzDQ8r-rU-lLTr1Bg6U7zJNtXE/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2020.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Dublin at Dusk</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1PE_IcwA_57wS6jtgJWNhVJQsOST7PcO6n2uSbviVHBWC1uSNKVHpQClnE5WSHKpkSwbvEwqkQv0n6Ij-jY_qFr6pyxKY42yvhXWlt4uUtftBu_PDX3QacvlEJJzf-IwzobkLU6jU4-0b5YDbNCUEpshtk0dDjnHH2yWppAM1q2IpOgVUl0od2Qo/s1181/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1PE_IcwA_57wS6jtgJWNhVJQsOST7PcO6n2uSbviVHBWC1uSNKVHpQClnE5WSHKpkSwbvEwqkQv0n6Ij-jY_qFr6pyxKY42yvhXWlt4uUtftBu_PDX3QacvlEJJzf-IwzobkLU6jU4-0b5YDbNCUEpshtk0dDjnHH2yWppAM1q2IpOgVUl0od2Qo/w326-h490/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2019.jpg" width="326" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Fishing at Galway Salmon weir</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjYIB42rw25n57kOqN-do1AEnH9QsybP98TUR7NY7giXnsC7Nrd6OHUBhXTc1P0XTphBWMkUJ38p9JwkXsyWCPvGPi6RlELGxXWk2sAaJ8fmMtHkAUSp6HRaNidMEfUTjzEJ2UgvybM3pWk9Cty_j_wOuM2h0iR8eb1zvzPNi0i_aXfdh1Ojht1v2o/s1627/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1627" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjYIB42rw25n57kOqN-do1AEnH9QsybP98TUR7NY7giXnsC7Nrd6OHUBhXTc1P0XTphBWMkUJ38p9JwkXsyWCPvGPi6RlELGxXWk2sAaJ8fmMtHkAUSp6HRaNidMEfUTjzEJ2UgvybM3pWk9Cty_j_wOuM2h0iR8eb1zvzPNi0i_aXfdh1Ojht1v2o/w448-h217/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2018.jpg" width="448" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Fishing at Galway Salmon weir.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3o6F4wNiYApuqV4-BJeT3VroSmRN-RjYdViURKVyFtzdyMBSXJP5TNfUirWqLcV595S5Ccwa0nLATq7b_GiSivgI5N2xnWfP5Ss2BIfW-9TecRu0jQR1CLBu7Yp1G33dtsMQyRpKFPGmQRpeFZMfUNPmnUbvJ9TiXYR7qoR-6BVyG4mOg_BtQtAXO/s1118/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="1118" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3o6F4wNiYApuqV4-BJeT3VroSmRN-RjYdViURKVyFtzdyMBSXJP5TNfUirWqLcV595S5Ccwa0nLATq7b_GiSivgI5N2xnWfP5Ss2BIfW-9TecRu0jQR1CLBu7Yp1G33dtsMQyRpKFPGmQRpeFZMfUNPmnUbvJ9TiXYR7qoR-6BVyG4mOg_BtQtAXO/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2017.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hfO3UmToLpdLUoAF2x2wri8qNhr2jmmNUqJuKjRI856b0taoiR9fBLsY3u0XKHnvvigGFZvbRQSB-BOBZZFFCvN5mscXnoehn-cF7C3aQyY-x7Zq4sJKuF5hmNqotGXCZfX5hi-RZRwjkN8EYjqewyTCP3EcEgUY8onyHdwZtpJBgHjuLhVkN-Sm/s1390/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1390" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hfO3UmToLpdLUoAF2x2wri8qNhr2jmmNUqJuKjRI856b0taoiR9fBLsY3u0XKHnvvigGFZvbRQSB-BOBZZFFCvN5mscXnoehn-cF7C3aQyY-x7Zq4sJKuF5hmNqotGXCZfX5hi-RZRwjkN8EYjqewyTCP3EcEgUY8onyHdwZtpJBgHjuLhVkN-Sm/w464-h262/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2015.jpg" width="464" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Heron flight</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibWD_kc6SQwKNPmea_Lkts5EQH0zxH8cSX-Ep-Cm2BFTuankcsRr4Rlcug4z6nx7QYrVE2S-65sJTpsblpHuPV6RvKYNnkU9YB2BfXdlZpDp5k5y-7k4jGCViX8b6OMKEoBomgKd1ntmxfETVknZ4APNR_IDtNRCjlW02WBqLsoTkKSyqRSBGH7azT/s1325/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1325" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibWD_kc6SQwKNPmea_Lkts5EQH0zxH8cSX-Ep-Cm2BFTuankcsRr4Rlcug4z6nx7QYrVE2S-65sJTpsblpHuPV6RvKYNnkU9YB2BfXdlZpDp5k5y-7k4jGCViX8b6OMKEoBomgKd1ntmxfETVknZ4APNR_IDtNRCjlW02WBqLsoTkKSyqRSBGH7azT/w492-h292/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2016.jpg" width="492" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Puddles</div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouw2920cbLhxrV5OJYDh08ZBa5s--NlYz7tJqt26htFAnpsjvIfiW3UGjkJ2yLHK0Y-ijQGvzgBy9xGWorl9JKQKjHuC4RNPeb17g2mOKr3xH69k9la8a290FUgKYOCWFSgNfYIlAffCCTjHd7NJ7902O5rvySUKNUXf92SSciI3f3H03Csa0ItAF/s1007/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="1007" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouw2920cbLhxrV5OJYDh08ZBa5s--NlYz7tJqt26htFAnpsjvIfiW3UGjkJ2yLHK0Y-ijQGvzgBy9xGWorl9JKQKjHuC4RNPeb17g2mOKr3xH69k9la8a290FUgKYOCWFSgNfYIlAffCCTjHd7NJ7902O5rvySUKNUXf92SSciI3f3H03Csa0ItAF/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2014.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIIMMIWwrrufFBL9OytZATDA7szGNZ70UZofXcx4_fiWBjH-bPwPCrW-CeX5E7h7he8OcJz9674OY5ZYnGfjUoE2q7UnbQCsD_H9FSm94Q85niffQGpbZdeaqxumjZUgyJx5hHwHDR31m9JOB3RLng7WLWNM6gLiigi9_FeR0g2_PYb8Zq_jzcHF7Y/s1050/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1050" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIIMMIWwrrufFBL9OytZATDA7szGNZ70UZofXcx4_fiWBjH-bPwPCrW-CeX5E7h7he8OcJz9674OY5ZYnGfjUoE2q7UnbQCsD_H9FSm94Q85niffQGpbZdeaqxumjZUgyJx5hHwHDR31m9JOB3RLng7WLWNM6gLiigi9_FeR0g2_PYb8Zq_jzcHF7Y/w454-h340/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2012.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ghosts of Spring</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9CdZqtFetXB_urt81NWawfFANNzQ8AnbhjsEIr--_GtkyWbPdZAf7QIxSs8O--D35Fm6jhUeGdSBWnYTvHKemRqT8eAqGlKiPUAY9MUPb4sGNBnoksP70IKDKygmexn9Os6Y2fCplMEJjmjdi2xc-EURCuT982oNpEv_bFF3x-JE-OrWgOBL12xwR/s1050/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="787" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9CdZqtFetXB_urt81NWawfFANNzQ8AnbhjsEIr--_GtkyWbPdZAf7QIxSs8O--D35Fm6jhUeGdSBWnYTvHKemRqT8eAqGlKiPUAY9MUPb4sGNBnoksP70IKDKygmexn9Os6Y2fCplMEJjmjdi2xc-EURCuT982oNpEv_bFF3x-JE-OrWgOBL12xwR/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%2010.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ribwort Plantain hues.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-vbKmJ4AznCNtFH4GogOlDtpCs5JB-EL3obw7nRhMOaPXnJ_ot_uBhXhr3b7FwyATwqt4CH5k1imlABVmhTN06yLSdv3ax_kWYs8lkyzQ-yZnfSf8VfSMdDNKhmGUimxxJ2jyduuk8tvzcboKR9N9uEroMidSS_TWWoQ3FpH1w7WCrju5bz8gkoE/s1181/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6-vbKmJ4AznCNtFH4GogOlDtpCs5JB-EL3obw7nRhMOaPXnJ_ot_uBhXhr3b7FwyATwqt4CH5k1imlABVmhTN06yLSdv3ax_kWYs8lkyzQ-yZnfSf8VfSMdDNKhmGUimxxJ2jyduuk8tvzcboKR9N9uEroMidSS_TWWoQ3FpH1w7WCrju5bz8gkoE/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%208.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Seashore frolics</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2PX4dVzMw2tVT6BCuwzdAnR1DNM7awBINJNSmuOMYM69FQEPP939cXUPTD9s_Vsqkp8lGzcpwwoxsT4bRWAOH5oWHjk5RI1BMUYmiEZ-Ma4bxdmVongDDki6uc7jryyF-TxsnC2ey2QSLr_3GljXKkICavzMS1rQML468xvHQP4ykwVBlH-B6n_b1/s1093/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%207.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="1093" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2PX4dVzMw2tVT6BCuwzdAnR1DNM7awBINJNSmuOMYM69FQEPP939cXUPTD9s_Vsqkp8lGzcpwwoxsT4bRWAOH5oWHjk5RI1BMUYmiEZ-Ma4bxdmVongDDki6uc7jryyF-TxsnC2ey2QSLr_3GljXKkICavzMS1rQML468xvHQP4ykwVBlH-B6n_b1/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%207.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRDgE4Lr990-HfiXjqZ3S8ylmGii0dIkvToXN1OO-t1lyDAoWsBVvJUyLAT2Oax3vdhrcjrgNdwgx1xw30tjw4pfRFgAp8TiqWHXTcoV1v2jxadQ6yoEFsraWBs8hAvTfpoDBRVIZuee4upCxwijCCvPFLubwNNC_bj1ri6HvEiAcFOmzVtfMFURe6/s1181/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRDgE4Lr990-HfiXjqZ3S8ylmGii0dIkvToXN1OO-t1lyDAoWsBVvJUyLAT2Oax3vdhrcjrgNdwgx1xw30tjw4pfRFgAp8TiqWHXTcoV1v2jxadQ6yoEFsraWBs8hAvTfpoDBRVIZuee4upCxwijCCvPFLubwNNC_bj1ri6HvEiAcFOmzVtfMFURe6/w357-h536/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%206.jpg" width="357" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Glades 1</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mCl1Cvlrao8qIwwh0cX4V7_M33kyKFvjJHmWX4zK-nLlSAeXqG8e4-CcaF5q_WebRB3tWdeU_a3ZDFHYyNXOynbim-YV9Ti4NrIC6Meb_Q4gr5_8C8HMGV0M_O5xTiYjS4wlBxdqIKTTRSy7pFI8xqytPq0sLpjDiMbvq2dJ1ZtWshsYIadhF97_/s1050/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="787" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mCl1Cvlrao8qIwwh0cX4V7_M33kyKFvjJHmWX4zK-nLlSAeXqG8e4-CcaF5q_WebRB3tWdeU_a3ZDFHYyNXOynbim-YV9Ti4NrIC6Meb_Q4gr5_8C8HMGV0M_O5xTiYjS4wlBxdqIKTTRSy7pFI8xqytPq0sLpjDiMbvq2dJ1ZtWshsYIadhF97_/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%205.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Glades 2</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA__K6lQgSwYmFYSpNhVR8YMsFONTOcLAYrQwhxem5gzRPP_Ruk1B1-ZQYcp9Q3wdqj2EmXGBSGY5eEHJs2k8TFdOyYW3wzCq10Gh2aYIGLI9adc-QDUpaYCYpbZNBO7ebwwevnAK0cpEZsU8l0b50tX8Qj37RL9uqCgYC0cqlEczzKPBsHyIWcN1N/s1050/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="787" height="533" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA__K6lQgSwYmFYSpNhVR8YMsFONTOcLAYrQwhxem5gzRPP_Ruk1B1-ZQYcp9Q3wdqj2EmXGBSGY5eEHJs2k8TFdOyYW3wzCq10Gh2aYIGLI9adc-QDUpaYCYpbZNBO7ebwwevnAK0cpEZsU8l0b50tX8Qj37RL9uqCgYC0cqlEczzKPBsHyIWcN1N/w400-h533/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%204.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The bog Iris this year have been extraordinary in their numbers.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3XXj5qJj5BPez0qPGAgO_1jT-o9hhrag4w2Rk4jG2lELvv7VUuAGTAlRE59c7FUAISCfBOHwhi9POi0bu2gjUQJzC38xDW7zM1_SCsJ9SGAb2YvPAm3sg-ifZOogxSpZ0dMfczq8Hjn9Ewy0ByILe_V6dkVBZ4lD0CSziG0Ehp4tyx3vUEJWZzrYg/s1038/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="1038" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3XXj5qJj5BPez0qPGAgO_1jT-o9hhrag4w2Rk4jG2lELvv7VUuAGTAlRE59c7FUAISCfBOHwhi9POi0bu2gjUQJzC38xDW7zM1_SCsJ9SGAb2YvPAm3sg-ifZOogxSpZ0dMfczq8Hjn9Ewy0ByILe_V6dkVBZ4lD0CSziG0Ehp4tyx3vUEJWZzrYg/s320/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%203.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhESeEEGKhXumlfr7nbfwDzyYPVkcUGuiLhnO4ZQRTCsm-y5CmMcB4NRDBkRQiYD4gvxDs7lXvn-8HiTJyT0EGZllflu2MuW1csXu1mWCX2DNPRjYEOq92IlXx35E0L2Ck8VI6W9mUUlIedWOjfmNrEjJwZP5DTozxz65QNcjIH-vGFXk8hNiBH9bJ8/s1050/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="787" height="539" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhESeEEGKhXumlfr7nbfwDzyYPVkcUGuiLhnO4ZQRTCsm-y5CmMcB4NRDBkRQiYD4gvxDs7lXvn-8HiTJyT0EGZllflu2MuW1csXu1mWCX2DNPRjYEOq92IlXx35E0L2Ck8VI6W9mUUlIedWOjfmNrEjJwZP5DTozxz65QNcjIH-vGFXk8hNiBH9bJ8/w404-h539/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%202.jpg" width="404" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Awaiting a return from the sea. Rock at art at Blackrock, Salthill, Galway.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Reminds me of a statute expressing similar sentiment in Urk, The Netherlands.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">See: http://deworde.blogspot.com/2014/02/white-sheets-in-window-witte-lakens-in.html</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIvv2cU933OarZH6FUuD-SOFFlZCC-eG8917rZJ_DqtWQcO4_ELoVXQsfQwjnoFPaav-4BWs7PBz4daJslhe8jgqRR9Fm_Wf0m0FEJGRKFhvTZBNn1cuL47jDY8CqkZJNQg1E7k9kCmcKKp1B_Og3I97oU0MUBFvHlwFAugbCWgVdcDb6Tb4hqU2qW/s1772/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1772" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIvv2cU933OarZH6FUuD-SOFFlZCC-eG8917rZJ_DqtWQcO4_ELoVXQsfQwjnoFPaav-4BWs7PBz4daJslhe8jgqRR9Fm_Wf0m0FEJGRKFhvTZBNn1cuL47jDY8CqkZJNQg1E7k9kCmcKKp1B_Og3I97oU0MUBFvHlwFAugbCWgVdcDb6Tb4hqU2qW/w484-h322/Highways%20and%20Byways%20May23.%201.jpg" width="484" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Wild Garlic</div><br /><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-49441843396779674092023-03-30T19:45:00.004+01:002023-04-03T00:01:29.580+01:00GLOBAL WARMING AND (SPRING) GENTIAN WARNING<p><span style="font-size: large;">The beautiful and reasonably rare flowering Spring Gentians spotted while walking with the dogs this March 30th evening on Derrylooney, Rusheen Bay, Galway; almost a month earlier than would be expected.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjv0wYkiZN23_RgEj2tn4pU4GUrIqhIDYtWrVarnesKcba5C0G_GDb0jN906SVVqDcWCwNqXiMJV1bUMZlS2Sj8-h_4H_zEy6OtRCUF_zMZmJKCyHOOf0NAsPNd9HHVZONxMVrfny219VppdbQ8qWh9xUslT3vO8i8I3XVzrMbnOSOL6QOvbC-eV6q8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="709" height="525" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjv0wYkiZN23_RgEj2tn4pU4GUrIqhIDYtWrVarnesKcba5C0G_GDb0jN906SVVqDcWCwNqXiMJV1bUMZlS2Sj8-h_4H_zEy6OtRCUF_zMZmJKCyHOOf0NAsPNd9HHVZONxMVrfny219VppdbQ8qWh9xUslT3vO8i8I3XVzrMbnOSOL6QOvbC-eV6q8=w394-h525" width="394" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">The majestic Spring Gentians on west side of path up back of Derrylooney Hill, Rusheen Bay.</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbAGUqWvUlfQxWF7PzKc2dlCDJ3doOv8LVAV4sa1dM51M_Qoc3PpWEhtcwLBgdhOD_yLhRTLkyDsRBwC08N8jzGWhA9tD9GVPO6teo7nQBM_F9g7nxonHSS0PXTTmIYEzMt3cyXStlDRRKNatkDgsV9wfMoIoLkDQiUxnJIhzmzIe7wRQm-4rWK5gI" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="1476" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbAGUqWvUlfQxWF7PzKc2dlCDJ3doOv8LVAV4sa1dM51M_Qoc3PpWEhtcwLBgdhOD_yLhRTLkyDsRBwC08N8jzGWhA9tD9GVPO6teo7nQBM_F9g7nxonHSS0PXTTmIYEzMt3cyXStlDRRKNatkDgsV9wfMoIoLkDQiUxnJIhzmzIe7wRQm-4rWK5gI=w564-h363" width="564" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Google Earth view of Rusheen Bay, Barna, Galway.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIAz12exyFzp2MnOb--d0eqbAUD2m5MBbJx3n2O3J9Bqmcji9s41_vV_lhsAkxvHUimVxrxnDPo-XLEfRVEh2iSZAIj2genxOXY66S_fVHpm3gCNaASrkzioK8Eyd2K-p38D0sZphrq5nSwbbreMLKz-PI_R0hyi8Uee62r6thzsY0u0PQXtGC6WZ0/s1574/GENTIANS%202%20020423.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1181" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIAz12exyFzp2MnOb--d0eqbAUD2m5MBbJx3n2O3J9Bqmcji9s41_vV_lhsAkxvHUimVxrxnDPo-XLEfRVEh2iSZAIj2genxOXY66S_fVHpm3gCNaASrkzioK8Eyd2K-p38D0sZphrq5nSwbbreMLKz-PI_R0hyi8Uee62r6thzsY0u0PQXtGC6WZ0/w403-h538/GENTIANS%202%20020423.jpg" width="403" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">From same path on north side of Derrylooney Hill, but</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">other side (east) of path and taken on 2nd April 2023.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></span><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-39100218640874898062023-03-10T20:47:00.013+00:002023-04-05T00:42:46.121+01:00THE SNOWCOLD LIGHT<p> </p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">THE <span style="font-family: Cambria;">SNOWCOLD LIGHT</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKwsSpDZEiBIHHxZQpm9UFue8JJIQ3ZiUn8FRwUoceqjb_1PVv6Qt8EpT8NW1p6qqSjMsfOac_vXLbY1aW00foW7yx_UmH7AFP3ARM1FIYxVOyQmqf1eQwe64H9JXmpWyxq6Y6-uWXAOJU9phCCpkUdUEH8nOQvxKuhlnonzz0ptJ1LYShAtks3cQH/s1654/BLACKROCK%20100323.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="1654" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKwsSpDZEiBIHHxZQpm9UFue8JJIQ3ZiUn8FRwUoceqjb_1PVv6Qt8EpT8NW1p6qqSjMsfOac_vXLbY1aW00foW7yx_UmH7AFP3ARM1FIYxVOyQmqf1eQwe64H9JXmpWyxq6Y6-uWXAOJU9phCCpkUdUEH8nOQvxKuhlnonzz0ptJ1LYShAtks3cQH/w583-h319/BLACKROCK%20100323.1.jpg" width="583" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">Here:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">Southwards, the horizon of sky and land embrace,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">The azimuth smothered by a Snowcold light,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">Here; in deep crevasses without trace,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">On Burren's grey karst-bound might.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">There:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">Eastwards, on the frozen steppes of Dantean space,</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keened by the bittern cry of a Snowcold light,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">There; is found a true resilient grace,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Tempered by the black </span><span>evil of an infernal fight</span><span>.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nowhere:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Downwards; Two swimmers, dive then swim;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Through crested waves of a Snowcold light: invigorate.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">No; Where soldiers dive then die, on a whistled whim,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">And crimson killing fields remain: emancipate.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> <br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkMNzkVDY3Mwts8WJtGrO-gd1tP-LxZyJ2q6gSKrcxD5ZGdWtwYRZb4EU8HbhoXZ2hAW1dANj4l-iZ5FKgkKz7iDptmVKQOUOeLR7Grs7ieCPfC6cpq6JFFv98m-CsM5UK_m3aFMk01W3SWGqyHmyLyTeBeIIb0TjNDQgypwIa1BNAwOoTxhDjaLNK/s1417/BLACKROCK%20100323.3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1053" data-original-width="1417" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkMNzkVDY3Mwts8WJtGrO-gd1tP-LxZyJ2q6gSKrcxD5ZGdWtwYRZb4EU8HbhoXZ2hAW1dANj4l-iZ5FKgkKz7iDptmVKQOUOeLR7Grs7ieCPfC6cpq6JFFv98m-CsM5UK_m3aFMk01W3SWGqyHmyLyTeBeIIb0TjNDQgypwIa1BNAwOoTxhDjaLNK/w487-h362/BLACKROCK%20100323.3.jpg" width="487" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Looking South across Galway Bay towards a snowcapped</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Burren from </span><span>Blackrock Diving Platform, Salthill, Galway.</span></span></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOyAkWqB4E-pCXPDOUfJvP8sDNNoZrSSEByys-YePUu4Qr6rNLMCIdgok6ZDATXgrscabhotByBKW171Fu3SSkDQpxxKIeaejkeSfeYkmdePUciQ3bZEv7aWIFOZA311lEcwzcinJ4NaCGIhDCoqm8a8aITRSpodbgSa0u5ZGvx2_ZdQ--ENV55gL/s2598/BLACKROCK%20100323.4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1603" data-original-width="2598" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOyAkWqB4E-pCXPDOUfJvP8sDNNoZrSSEByys-YePUu4Qr6rNLMCIdgok6ZDATXgrscabhotByBKW171Fu3SSkDQpxxKIeaejkeSfeYkmdePUciQ3bZEv7aWIFOZA311lEcwzcinJ4NaCGIhDCoqm8a8aITRSpodbgSa0u5ZGvx2_ZdQ--ENV55gL/w499-h307/BLACKROCK%20100323.4.jpg" width="499" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH3Ql8QlP1m0NVkp_5q_bn00drqm0MFG7RLSJLorbdTM3Xx60fYJ4xbd1BRCTKRrLVe-3KxfYSsTuC6mS0TAnmmELjmIsozEZlv2UZVxgAeTMNYKlcDP0HK4creeUmrc23B-8HxzF96zQHm8iIvqygKLeUK1nnhX0GE52wjT5G_GUnae__p4Xm20Sk/s1654/BLACKROCK%20100323.6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="1654" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH3Ql8QlP1m0NVkp_5q_bn00drqm0MFG7RLSJLorbdTM3Xx60fYJ4xbd1BRCTKRrLVe-3KxfYSsTuC6mS0TAnmmELjmIsozEZlv2UZVxgAeTMNYKlcDP0HK4creeUmrc23B-8HxzF96zQHm8iIvqygKLeUK1nnhX0GE52wjT5G_GUnae__p4Xm20Sk/w553-h255/BLACKROCK%20100323.6.jpg" width="553" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX4QRB7Z6aBmbsh-cMcUDjhh5EAhPR6m45qgQJJJ8Qr4E5RhgGjY5e_0iB_3GDdTMspE1U2boOdT0X_efXodeDM-GGrFCOBj4NwtEEao-jxR0psrSr9sPwiqDmkO0AHsbPx5-uKHFMCsl99iLQfo9oWU00lkyd4kQ42Z03cIFuiw45P1VWqk2_7acP/s2598/BLACKROCK%20100323.9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1949" data-original-width="2598" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX4QRB7Z6aBmbsh-cMcUDjhh5EAhPR6m45qgQJJJ8Qr4E5RhgGjY5e_0iB_3GDdTMspE1U2boOdT0X_efXodeDM-GGrFCOBj4NwtEEao-jxR0psrSr9sPwiqDmkO0AHsbPx5-uKHFMCsl99iLQfo9oWU00lkyd4kQ42Z03cIFuiw45P1VWqk2_7acP/w372-h279/BLACKROCK%20100323.9.jpg" width="372" /></a></div><br /> </span><o:p></o:p><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-55061940919929896642023-02-22T13:52:00.000+00:002023-02-22T13:52:02.683+00:00RANDOM GLIMPSES OF NATURE<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihNYhGVCAyfv0iDw5Wiu-o3Egx7_AiRtVLfw57Rk9KVkxJcNbkqjLUhfTcdDyyvRmUAmZ4gJdSVyjQN4_0jed8iJmixc0J-dQzZSrB_B8tV_swrCjnKGdszGXRu7z16L3W7wCGcoVuBC6u9B6xKH6P9HlNZ-g8hybXT9gPJaf1sT5yYRQGXoX49Cq/s1535/BUMBLEBEE%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1535" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhihNYhGVCAyfv0iDw5Wiu-o3Egx7_AiRtVLfw57Rk9KVkxJcNbkqjLUhfTcdDyyvRmUAmZ4gJdSVyjQN4_0jed8iJmixc0J-dQzZSrB_B8tV_swrCjnKGdszGXRu7z16L3W7wCGcoVuBC6u9B6xKH6P9HlNZ-g8hybXT9gPJaf1sT5yYRQGXoX49Cq/w465-h309/BUMBLEBEE%20copy.jpg" width="465" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjerFw8JyKoAhINsU25FeeoAQiJDtS0zzuzrvnxLGvTq96l7nc9-TcgmEMteaRT2C8Kyx0xoxTqGNawkPFY1HNCgJ4LdM_92U4riPLPsYu2xsQk4FHDtrREaXelL1ql-Fs_nYC0ylDU9mUAE5hR_iH0DaXwjyqVPsmLVeHjGpPqFE5NiMKb5WF41zo6/s1654/Butterfly%20and%20Scotch%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1073" data-original-width="1654" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjerFw8JyKoAhINsU25FeeoAQiJDtS0zzuzrvnxLGvTq96l7nc9-TcgmEMteaRT2C8Kyx0xoxTqGNawkPFY1HNCgJ4LdM_92U4riPLPsYu2xsQk4FHDtrREaXelL1ql-Fs_nYC0ylDU9mUAE5hR_iH0DaXwjyqVPsmLVeHjGpPqFE5NiMKb5WF41zo6/w477-h310/Butterfly%20and%20Scotch%20copy.jpg" width="477" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">THISTLE ADMIRAL</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGNqCtiLmU1w5Rey7tB28h9pW6FjpVLKkL3yNeZ_c871kJ7F4Fn8tA5rHptRWRDdCp15Es3cxCslYABQEHvre3Bh7z7EIyOzBFZ86ObyW7uhfRaa4MrYoiE0RvwunGE0cOBmrGMLBPIvxqO0mVh88qxN5cKA9Wa3AvyAYTA3ZE1SpCUuZjUTjM4I9R/s1772/Curlew%201%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1772" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGNqCtiLmU1w5Rey7tB28h9pW6FjpVLKkL3yNeZ_c871kJ7F4Fn8tA5rHptRWRDdCp15Es3cxCslYABQEHvre3Bh7z7EIyOzBFZ86ObyW7uhfRaa4MrYoiE0RvwunGE0cOBmrGMLBPIvxqO0mVh88qxN5cKA9Wa3AvyAYTA3ZE1SpCUuZjUTjM4I9R/w493-h248/Curlew%201%20copy.jpg" width="493" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">CURLEW'S FLIGHT</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigkD_KtZ60y6y5KAno4EZ6sGwm89N66haEeFhA63ypv9m3eF4uRBj9o-lK2LawPCA4zKMjVCcQkld6WaI31sncU3LVAckqZWUTmGKNKODTKssylF2fVntmb-FDMz7phazJbfEwlG8VnUHz4pJg5G7cYO8hFxQL7LMqf8hp4WuhYZ0TlmrUxXHADOSD/s1593/DromolandWalk040115.1%20copy%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1593" data-original-width="1063" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigkD_KtZ60y6y5KAno4EZ6sGwm89N66haEeFhA63ypv9m3eF4uRBj9o-lK2LawPCA4zKMjVCcQkld6WaI31sncU3LVAckqZWUTmGKNKODTKssylF2fVntmb-FDMz7phazJbfEwlG8VnUHz4pJg5G7cYO8hFxQL7LMqf8hp4WuhYZ0TlmrUxXHADOSD/w295-h441/DromolandWalk040115.1%20copy%202.jpg" width="295" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">DROMOLAND AUTUMN</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkmieXgSsHlOYX8UJKi0zSWOsnSUV6JSmnNicRMpPYdoXpy3OS9zquOFcZ2wTcml9fsRdG8NeTjTb-huxJNrc_VauPVsToBpf4saXullAwZGhT6Ndmh-3GcD42HRZ1pNYwhmhmIXycwt7yQ1Snf2-5QCS8asHZqjZBZ6PrjVlu-PAim5WXz29zSfcS/s1535/Skellig.Gannett.6%20copy%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="981" data-original-width="1535" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkmieXgSsHlOYX8UJKi0zSWOsnSUV6JSmnNicRMpPYdoXpy3OS9zquOFcZ2wTcml9fsRdG8NeTjTb-huxJNrc_VauPVsToBpf4saXullAwZGhT6Ndmh-3GcD42HRZ1pNYwhmhmIXycwt7yQ1Snf2-5QCS8asHZqjZBZ6PrjVlu-PAim5WXz29zSfcS/w495-h317/Skellig.Gannett.6%20copy%202.jpg" width="495" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">SKELLIG 'HEAD-THE-BALL' GANNETT</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP81KO9zHxh6XowDlc9QQudstSbL7UaTlwE0kkfSJEKpAPNtuwv6f8oFPDxsGPR3_kHAsvZU_YqDnAD4mnKC1HUs0l_TuXXiF4L-X1wlbr2IBAtqgePX54G2tpZe5x-aIF_KOvBO_dDm0DOG_a5YOlyupdJ_6OpMYkrlFD8jkhtAX8JOwTePltahQp/s1594/Snails.260618.Chicane%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1063" height="592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP81KO9zHxh6XowDlc9QQudstSbL7UaTlwE0kkfSJEKpAPNtuwv6f8oFPDxsGPR3_kHAsvZU_YqDnAD4mnKC1HUs0l_TuXXiF4L-X1wlbr2IBAtqgePX54G2tpZe5x-aIF_KOvBO_dDm0DOG_a5YOlyupdJ_6OpMYkrlFD8jkhtAX8JOwTePltahQp/w394-h592/Snails.260618.Chicane%20copy.jpg" width="394" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">PILGRIMS PROGRESS</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibs5KYH3znySCUfGn3VTBlBACdVttmLtZkzO8bEG35PhKxgbSYMTcPAMy0Jg1epJhY8-YY4fr5W57miRXC6MTO1BbkwJIe0A0Umyvmqb-fll2l4Qpabe6_PuOZyWj8MUO6PirrsmiiwtYOhH2wxgGFM4DECyP5laJvbPS1UqaN3tXyau4HabHBhsMU/s1772/Spider-Brambles.2%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1182" data-original-width="1772" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibs5KYH3znySCUfGn3VTBlBACdVttmLtZkzO8bEG35PhKxgbSYMTcPAMy0Jg1epJhY8-YY4fr5W57miRXC6MTO1BbkwJIe0A0Umyvmqb-fll2l4Qpabe6_PuOZyWj8MUO6PirrsmiiwtYOhH2wxgGFM4DECyP5laJvbPS1UqaN3tXyau4HabHBhsMU/w492-h327/Spider-Brambles.2%20copy.jpg" width="492" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">WEST CORK KNITTING</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4u7GL6Xtd3W5jJTeeqYt113FSS6BMQLD75wxZavYISyHdAvPkN4EJaXEkDryQPT8VZ1ATH1wkHNpzTxrH3RiGwiBZzsCzycm5h75e5yTiWhgw-ogXBiNl_sKGVcmmU00MyO1PQVZkaISF6uOvoDdLkdQz__ajuVDL8h-D3cNyARAqIfxUgjeFWKL/s1181/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.4%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4u7GL6Xtd3W5jJTeeqYt113FSS6BMQLD75wxZavYISyHdAvPkN4EJaXEkDryQPT8VZ1ATH1wkHNpzTxrH3RiGwiBZzsCzycm5h75e5yTiWhgw-ogXBiNl_sKGVcmmU00MyO1PQVZkaISF6uOvoDdLkdQz__ajuVDL8h-D3cNyARAqIfxUgjeFWKL/w364-h546/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.4%20copy.jpg" width="364" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">MUSHROOM GARLANDED BEECH TREE</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Barna Woods, Galway.</div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-12454144591358547972023-01-19T19:27:00.001+00:002023-01-19T19:27:19.476+00:00SUNSET BLACKROCK, SALTHILL, GALWAY 19th January 2023<p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhONq9J3DemgyBH_1Ln6wsrixJoZ1gHGCE4lFRKyiTi03OK_WRwpKymw41hGFqBvaG1sdvxr1rO9wNmECz_vw2uKgEIHMIDUwd2tBFTtnWlkBI28yLScqEZXuy4WtnJLaKWUG7_cAc6z3NkaSTV9ahBqqKN_wy6awcl5QyaQmDndO7dXrxRrSWAwxc4/s1654/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1654" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhONq9J3DemgyBH_1Ln6wsrixJoZ1gHGCE4lFRKyiTi03OK_WRwpKymw41hGFqBvaG1sdvxr1rO9wNmECz_vw2uKgEIHMIDUwd2tBFTtnWlkBI28yLScqEZXuy4WtnJLaKWUG7_cAc6z3NkaSTV9ahBqqKN_wy6awcl5QyaQmDndO7dXrxRrSWAwxc4/w506-h282/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.1.jpg" width="506" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A 'LIGHTBULB' MOMENT</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYXxXMbNrlquQn4uMBWTcipD3xPpnV1w4fSJad9jTeA2UaKPUI1F0HiDnJUL0O64oQjydcx2UGcJHDSfemE6FDBPuKuihbMO_um4tQuBKybU7X2Wh810F0xVbUWB4DO_O0Ha6pv-bfKPHPW5ZnhNDAJNEu_Hxe7okiUBvfayDmtfYtrew5W_B2pxj/s1654/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGYXxXMbNrlquQn4uMBWTcipD3xPpnV1w4fSJad9jTeA2UaKPUI1F0HiDnJUL0O64oQjydcx2UGcJHDSfemE6FDBPuKuihbMO_um4tQuBKybU7X2Wh810F0xVbUWB4DO_O0Ha6pv-bfKPHPW5ZnhNDAJNEu_Hxe7okiUBvfayDmtfYtrew5W_B2pxj/w394-h262/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.11.jpg" width="394" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">WARPED CONVERSATIONS</div><br /></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9l8puBHE92e1W4lTqY58N8LXEMTpObsjESjC5qXA4fiAZpJIAy9kMxC-IK4TvoO8Okg5uQrwvY-0xKPToxa4puvGvyxzZe3ne2_opKgwXViKfHoLWCflnOO71vuti2P5u11yDXi6q1Ayh3BXtVA4DMjxRAx5DA72d20VIfNr6MssPgOfFQz4CFZl4/s1476/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1107" data-original-width="1476" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9l8puBHE92e1W4lTqY58N8LXEMTpObsjESjC5qXA4fiAZpJIAy9kMxC-IK4TvoO8Okg5uQrwvY-0xKPToxa4puvGvyxzZe3ne2_opKgwXViKfHoLWCflnOO71vuti2P5u11yDXi6q1Ayh3BXtVA4DMjxRAx5DA72d20VIfNr6MssPgOfFQz4CFZl4/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijsF2DA2NOSccu9e4umlIPbI3NwYaqtUJSQTRtrTYmq5dQuO10lOA0uUiwrMWxgJZLPolmvkt9TRFYv4QLo8pHX-n-P2MVJQfHOo-DKX3L2RraDmcIrHqAbXdTUdzHl2LW2pHDMUhxoPFxWYVSt-zh2CAO29qWTevXAzOs8SybDjlZuPNG_lJ2qrPn/s2835/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2835" data-original-width="1890" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijsF2DA2NOSccu9e4umlIPbI3NwYaqtUJSQTRtrTYmq5dQuO10lOA0uUiwrMWxgJZLPolmvkt9TRFYv4QLo8pHX-n-P2MVJQfHOo-DKX3L2RraDmcIrHqAbXdTUdzHl2LW2pHDMUhxoPFxWYVSt-zh2CAO29qWTevXAzOs8SybDjlZuPNG_lJ2qrPn/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.2.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHgqXMVXvPdLCORfJ6sarFftC4sc9stfBJ5zc3wRuc44l4ttZWWALeEEPreJL63wsUQpYFyzMi4ZMxeIkh5jbutTmQNVD7gM7gBuBW9ndp57uZAXrG8ZWzuPKOepidASEQGmlTweN0GTpHkg-uYXJOYrkVJ_TmU7Jvadr-D7t-ZIuV9XsjjflcZgN/s1654/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="1654" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHgqXMVXvPdLCORfJ6sarFftC4sc9stfBJ5zc3wRuc44l4ttZWWALeEEPreJL63wsUQpYFyzMi4ZMxeIkh5jbutTmQNVD7gM7gBuBW9ndp57uZAXrG8ZWzuPKOepidASEQGmlTweN0GTpHkg-uYXJOYrkVJ_TmU7Jvadr-D7t-ZIuV9XsjjflcZgN/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyhXbwqMPIeExdwasWJDviPGZxZwUkc17FVT6bQ-OXjvpDWiJw6aZ_6sTDFmJ8qAw1_SFEiwlBUO3paR5C4mvMrFwTN8B17Nx-1scxxdNaJdi_3O00H8x2oTOQfM-wEwERaFDjulJCkveWDJScmOOzady_nHRayUJM3AHFSBGBzMdXdSaglVG_b5f/s1654/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="980" data-original-width="1654" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyhXbwqMPIeExdwasWJDviPGZxZwUkc17FVT6bQ-OXjvpDWiJw6aZ_6sTDFmJ8qAw1_SFEiwlBUO3paR5C4mvMrFwTN8B17Nx-1scxxdNaJdi_3O00H8x2oTOQfM-wEwERaFDjulJCkveWDJScmOOzady_nHRayUJM3AHFSBGBzMdXdSaglVG_b5f/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvJjBGaaQG_X3M45g5jDAjxRh0wonav02jV8jIIvk5id-liBj6f0zshgnpzlOeGiiJ7t-Jx6_L3Qq-FXUv7oCQ0q49hpFiWHh9try_vun8_aQmahHkfmZbquJBlL35BVjGa1WlEChVYFVdU4bGJBHc0sBkZMuodedJ0qvciU8LJ7fvYM-BSC-C0dh0/s1654/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvJjBGaaQG_X3M45g5jDAjxRh0wonav02jV8jIIvk5id-liBj6f0zshgnpzlOeGiiJ7t-Jx6_L3Qq-FXUv7oCQ0q49hpFiWHh9try_vun8_aQmahHkfmZbquJBlL35BVjGa1WlEChVYFVdU4bGJBHc0sBkZMuodedJ0qvciU8LJ7fvYM-BSC-C0dh0/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">BETWEEN TWO LIGHTS</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49G-rvZqN5CGB3E6refhKsRaEcGl7u0FfqU0ugpgPO_84itm7qA2tTC46GFJ-r_76ZvSPQitmciBWm3MJHi7Oj_ayUX1SYZHFIwFtypHor_CsuaY-y-vJEHzHf261kULpS3FWRKArn0hIh5WGGUWvBwUr9kwlJ5Aa3kO0Ex7xZaisyZQKZqv8uYTm/s1654/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="1102" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49G-rvZqN5CGB3E6refhKsRaEcGl7u0FfqU0ugpgPO_84itm7qA2tTC46GFJ-r_76ZvSPQitmciBWm3MJHi7Oj_ayUX1SYZHFIwFtypHor_CsuaY-y-vJEHzHf261kULpS3FWRKArn0hIh5WGGUWvBwUr9kwlJ5Aa3kO0Ex7xZaisyZQKZqv8uYTm/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.7.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjymsOnecK7G1yJkc7izJHOaIWjY3vIXeJJ30QJwtEKQobDuk2ENz60fOEu-1zF9IsHrxwJ84KNup9XMHQq4r0Nhj9z_2DeZYK7Tj34RZNli4v2U5oDnI-h8IpXcb8_KYOAR4SEOUPYro3HQkHaxAYFdETkNeB7QOmh2r2v-Ca2oCPSlgTNDJh5O-Vk/s1174/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="1174" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjymsOnecK7G1yJkc7izJHOaIWjY3vIXeJJ30QJwtEKQobDuk2ENz60fOEu-1zF9IsHrxwJ84KNup9XMHQq4r0Nhj9z_2DeZYK7Tj34RZNli4v2U5oDnI-h8IpXcb8_KYOAR4SEOUPYro3HQkHaxAYFdETkNeB7QOmh2r2v-Ca2oCPSlgTNDJh5O-Vk/s320/BLACKROCK%20SUNSET%20190123.9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">THE CLOUD</div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-25005149943942847722022-12-26T23:59:00.001+00:002022-12-26T23:59:39.503+00:00Barna Bog - Dog Days<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Our Cocker Spaniel of 6 months on the bog today.</span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49-Jwm2ZZZbJCbUVPBJoaVjAK1FQK5t5cM9ipyPelCqrLkqlv_TxhfH-iCExtKddt5oIQYmK5g3SIa4S2BKkAyRot49naaQ9UlbJpXw02fpuoorzNsAI8t6uI0ZZqbBjAFPu7SQE-xQYKhG69T07PmCq34G0escIne2n2MgpGgEq9D8m963mldQk1/s1496/COCOO%20IN%20THE%20RUSHES.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="998" data-original-width="1496" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49-Jwm2ZZZbJCbUVPBJoaVjAK1FQK5t5cM9ipyPelCqrLkqlv_TxhfH-iCExtKddt5oIQYmK5g3SIa4S2BKkAyRot49naaQ9UlbJpXw02fpuoorzNsAI8t6uI0ZZqbBjAFPu7SQE-xQYKhG69T07PmCq34G0escIne2n2MgpGgEq9D8m963mldQk1/w477-h317/COCOO%20IN%20THE%20RUSHES.jpg" width="477" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Amongst the rushes</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguBoa6al-2JyFgSdrsgdeP1e22E8YIgbmdlt9HfcbPCAu85gq5vW5mADYjEBM448yKDNkX-3msP82QrJcA0Oeq8Mk7oj9URAEPfcp1qGDLq6JTteKzQ17DPRxMi9TAsK84JFew4aOI5U95hVQxBaeK_WFgPV02Uu917C7W59cbeY4knrp3lLnUNsV2/s1417/COCO%20THE%20LOOK.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1417" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguBoa6al-2JyFgSdrsgdeP1e22E8YIgbmdlt9HfcbPCAu85gq5vW5mADYjEBM448yKDNkX-3msP82QrJcA0Oeq8Mk7oj9URAEPfcp1qGDLq6JTteKzQ17DPRxMi9TAsK84JFew4aOI5U95hVQxBaeK_WFgPV02Uu917C7W59cbeY4knrp3lLnUNsV2/w443-h295/COCO%20THE%20LOOK.jpg" width="443" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">The look!</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNJN5YGWQzwzIGw6iD1UPfJ-1nLlvx0bnqHh-gxslY8h8JvtxZM6S6XA7056fbnRRiGuiGY1aOU1FruMpTYayS8oZZg6ywrQF19N4YexfN7ZtCoeDBZNIu18q9wVJ7Kr-xuRgnI4871fmDJ_WM8wtR2qDnIqI9d7DmJjinjHNFiItHq9kra7Tnwhm1/s1575/COCO%20FULL%20FLOW.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1575" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNJN5YGWQzwzIGw6iD1UPfJ-1nLlvx0bnqHh-gxslY8h8JvtxZM6S6XA7056fbnRRiGuiGY1aOU1FruMpTYayS8oZZg6ywrQF19N4YexfN7ZtCoeDBZNIu18q9wVJ7Kr-xuRgnI4871fmDJ_WM8wtR2qDnIqI9d7DmJjinjHNFiItHq9kra7Tnwhm1/w555-h369/COCO%20FULL%20FLOW.jpg" width="555" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>in</i> full flow.....</span></div><br /><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-35260869474528715682022-12-10T18:21:00.005+00:002022-12-10T18:21:38.070+00:00GALWAY SUNRISE 10th DECEMBER 2022<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDz6qeBKHJsAgEg-kGNgKcGOPTX3e470s_ASs9sGTKYNlH2YOgAGiwK68fC2fzw-fj7U5oG_ullZlaJU50BHIsa2dPjpU7C16mI336bDVYyeltjcNhcwurKJR6reKp_Vv2TNEYRAaxgb_oF-uU6UwVDnaU1rBe6SXtuDQ3LxvkXiVDXMtHPmR5lUPY/s1574/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1181" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDz6qeBKHJsAgEg-kGNgKcGOPTX3e470s_ASs9sGTKYNlH2YOgAGiwK68fC2fzw-fj7U5oG_ullZlaJU50BHIsa2dPjpU7C16mI336bDVYyeltjcNhcwurKJR6reKp_Vv2TNEYRAaxgb_oF-uU6UwVDnaU1rBe6SXtuDQ3LxvkXiVDXMtHPmR5lUPY/w372-h496/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.1.jpg" width="372" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Pv89lKjqwlppf3m78FcZcoU8YSudfxrQraW6_EO-vSTbjgNl-0h8uGefdu0gtzva92ADrhZkS4jwWay6QPQA5dBUiPjlE-__jY-TNGvqs1RTht632MoiK0-v0YCkrVkNfzm5zJrp6pp3kN3hpG0Zc2FQdADGEb-RjDmDET0keQGnKZGff1HXZBZL/s1574/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1574" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Pv89lKjqwlppf3m78FcZcoU8YSudfxrQraW6_EO-vSTbjgNl-0h8uGefdu0gtzva92ADrhZkS4jwWay6QPQA5dBUiPjlE-__jY-TNGvqs1RTht632MoiK0-v0YCkrVkNfzm5zJrp6pp3kN3hpG0Zc2FQdADGEb-RjDmDET0keQGnKZGff1HXZBZL/w478-h359/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.2.jpg" width="478" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4DIq0SVPMbhiBxqfa6n7LqlQHxkVEensKMeXaFMv3i6MJJsmHcr9zuSh2unNCphIfnfBGyqUpiDkPDzYOyERU4trSjXSHPvSTeJnO8BdXCNvR5mDj6x34cw4h-DBab9LQ5cRy5HkyUt5CewluQTfaQd0lHtteLtiwu__Obfsy1V-1Yua1IjFuFUJd/s1654/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1654" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4DIq0SVPMbhiBxqfa6n7LqlQHxkVEensKMeXaFMv3i6MJJsmHcr9zuSh2unNCphIfnfBGyqUpiDkPDzYOyERU4trSjXSHPvSTeJnO8BdXCNvR5mDj6x34cw4h-DBab9LQ5cRy5HkyUt5CewluQTfaQd0lHtteLtiwu__Obfsy1V-1Yua1IjFuFUJd/w305-h229/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.3.jpg" width="305" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRq6uy1FtkCTC5rysKNhi3UEmIB_yNkCw9BENFXI4H0qU0fkFnQXUCutrBL19JIqIUx1izxTYSt9R1htUXgVUxz2aUv9zmUO7Q4befqE-lVgv3ZoL7nxAr-p6EgQYKqk-SnW9Y_dilyFm-xPy7t0pFVbMHLtXJXJstKqiKPdV5PZmRbU4WVUhVUtI/s1654/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1654" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRq6uy1FtkCTC5rysKNhi3UEmIB_yNkCw9BENFXI4H0qU0fkFnQXUCutrBL19JIqIUx1izxTYSt9R1htUXgVUxz2aUv9zmUO7Q4befqE-lVgv3ZoL7nxAr-p6EgQYKqk-SnW9Y_dilyFm-xPy7t0pFVbMHLtXJXJstKqiKPdV5PZmRbU4WVUhVUtI/w380-h285/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.4.jpg" width="380" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC8NdZZl8gA4cSEM0PndeAp36SUCQ8GU0tYY63KzGqKseJM2mHFMDF4dXG-lJZIEf5zFuMiq5q5CveCtLaYCxR-6C848pOpOTyZEN1p8IB77yA2TKMl7T9DTU_Ecm2e9eIRk_WNyytUs0sQuwS0ytqfrdGG7o054lz-Ss2h2oDtf3_MqRxnYsI5iCY/s1654/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="1654" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC8NdZZl8gA4cSEM0PndeAp36SUCQ8GU0tYY63KzGqKseJM2mHFMDF4dXG-lJZIEf5zFuMiq5q5CveCtLaYCxR-6C848pOpOTyZEN1p8IB77yA2TKMl7T9DTU_Ecm2e9eIRk_WNyytUs0sQuwS0ytqfrdGG7o054lz-Ss2h2oDtf3_MqRxnYsI5iCY/w556-h353/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.5.jpg" width="556" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN99ZC4y7vjaJKfb-ZRbnMrK2MA329Ph2DcKsZAQD7bIQRuwDRrebEeAww1krC6xqRyNPBybGm6M-zkd4OpCIjC3zOnG-QbjfcDbOqmvk8jz0ylwStkYkpCMOakINvCRW65tG5LCV2gdzlE79WxUzUFP_vrUH6NJdtWaoaz0ssvNMmia9ka7f3UYNy/s1452/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1452" data-original-width="1096" height="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN99ZC4y7vjaJKfb-ZRbnMrK2MA329Ph2DcKsZAQD7bIQRuwDRrebEeAww1krC6xqRyNPBybGm6M-zkd4OpCIjC3zOnG-QbjfcDbOqmvk8jz0ylwStkYkpCMOakINvCRW65tG5LCV2gdzlE79WxUzUFP_vrUH6NJdtWaoaz0ssvNMmia9ka7f3UYNy/w314-h415/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.6.jpg" width="314" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG45mMn3UA1_JV7DEsSTRdxzOutZvmJ9Mq21Ud_QFkHRMKUhV1xA9MIpu-RTk5JE_Hj52GNmU5VbwNXNY429ws9vxrJGxsF6A4X1sJge4gosHkIOV1Cg6vrGSA29TQOk9lGU6Y3hGPk9hWirQtGO7VmeI3sHU3V9PLZ21CiYkd8aLKVZVBtYEoBsI5/s1654/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="1240" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG45mMn3UA1_JV7DEsSTRdxzOutZvmJ9Mq21Ud_QFkHRMKUhV1xA9MIpu-RTk5JE_Hj52GNmU5VbwNXNY429ws9vxrJGxsF6A4X1sJge4gosHkIOV1Cg6vrGSA29TQOk9lGU6Y3hGPk9hWirQtGO7VmeI3sHU3V9PLZ21CiYkd8aLKVZVBtYEoBsI5/s320/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.7.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk8z_W0WSFHCKC5kwI1cqCpo8zSXCGX3G_39f6ogen-MBuswl9VyiKSZkX5plSkUO3ndMab-_GU9nYsF9ls1ssR8MWRIuxb1X6nal-xnSkwQeIvnWqL_-l61-YG-j3_LRaMd6ZOcA75d2dpNM-9TWKlJzIn32dezrHlOO-14xUFpeluNf7Z2uHFuyh/s1654/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="1240" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk8z_W0WSFHCKC5kwI1cqCpo8zSXCGX3G_39f6ogen-MBuswl9VyiKSZkX5plSkUO3ndMab-_GU9nYsF9ls1ssR8MWRIuxb1X6nal-xnSkwQeIvnWqL_-l61-YG-j3_LRaMd6ZOcA75d2dpNM-9TWKlJzIn32dezrHlOO-14xUFpeluNf7Z2uHFuyh/w393-h524/GALWAY%20SUNRISE%20101222.8.jpg" width="393" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-2425895170630746202022-12-10T17:56:00.002+00:002022-12-10T17:56:30.704+00:00HOT AIR RISING & COLD AIR DESCENDING OVER GALWAY BAY DECEMBER 9TH, 2022<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggdMHRuaV_ZuxzMNRxGMl3-EK9q3rtKULZzw9BsfhfIGA73Q1b0CYFONIkFJH5xNEwt1xFeq6c6HPRZBsdd5bH4noWlR7GiDrbwjbFjUhlQMFBbKy-6XzoDN9wGUfNo-9Ax9C1dpaAE8cAJvndWr21IBriMYGa8xzLzBUKkoHNixFGN0fAjG87PR7B/s1654/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="1654" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggdMHRuaV_ZuxzMNRxGMl3-EK9q3rtKULZzw9BsfhfIGA73Q1b0CYFONIkFJH5xNEwt1xFeq6c6HPRZBsdd5bH4noWlR7GiDrbwjbFjUhlQMFBbKy-6XzoDN9wGUfNo-9Ax9C1dpaAE8cAJvndWr21IBriMYGa8xzLzBUKkoHNixFGN0fAjG87PR7B/w474-h283/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.1.jpg" width="474" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vI-mGxVUWoPf0vYkAkZXn53VuBBm9E8yx7H24m8WpBOHeg3ky1FtWCobp2olcraebjNnAEbdbkDwys13Ui7v0L5ZstlgVB6MUy-fd3c5OTlZJKrM9LOkSrpIN8ROFxApSG1t_D4gRk2IV8hRfBxmnX9ELDi0z6AWr-k8w23qcoT6s4j5yNzqQYIZ/s1772/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="1772" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vI-mGxVUWoPf0vYkAkZXn53VuBBm9E8yx7H24m8WpBOHeg3ky1FtWCobp2olcraebjNnAEbdbkDwys13Ui7v0L5ZstlgVB6MUy-fd3c5OTlZJKrM9LOkSrpIN8ROFxApSG1t_D4gRk2IV8hRfBxmnX9ELDi0z6AWr-k8w23qcoT6s4j5yNzqQYIZ/w472-h248/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.2.jpg" width="472" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwHqCJ8vqMWknzC9zV-ismoGTjXEfcjqIblgD6Kj5QNaiWe2FEcSasuqIghhn5Dvdc2EnvaWruTgohK_YDxAXDJpQhRFgoIHSHHR_CjszwQQ5iLaaLwXThGFxE3zmLMsDTf-_H1voD4FjbjvQXHeALQP9JWIbtw0Sgv7lmlIEPzSnNQPHzf2X-DSC/s1654/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1654" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwHqCJ8vqMWknzC9zV-ismoGTjXEfcjqIblgD6Kj5QNaiWe2FEcSasuqIghhn5Dvdc2EnvaWruTgohK_YDxAXDJpQhRFgoIHSHHR_CjszwQQ5iLaaLwXThGFxE3zmLMsDTf-_H1voD4FjbjvQXHeALQP9JWIbtw0Sgv7lmlIEPzSnNQPHzf2X-DSC/w448-h336/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.3.jpg" width="448" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS143DuEJ91vcPTuBDSDzL7OtsJJgddcYoq_OIRP5MpTT3wpL_2oeICyisy9LzTU4z6YG1RLQh6qHXMRTsRO39HX4ALV1bNdXETz5avvgf2sot8mYktZC-o2GJjcJigqredMZx0updZSKHLyEfMyaGWcDUgK62Vk4Uqqd82J5KSCstpF8kqx0gukFK/s2362/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1364" data-original-width="2362" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS143DuEJ91vcPTuBDSDzL7OtsJJgddcYoq_OIRP5MpTT3wpL_2oeICyisy9LzTU4z6YG1RLQh6qHXMRTsRO39HX4ALV1bNdXETz5avvgf2sot8mYktZC-o2GJjcJigqredMZx0updZSKHLyEfMyaGWcDUgK62Vk4Uqqd82J5KSCstpF8kqx0gukFK/w475-h275/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.4.jpg" width="475" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxLYDJ0JzvSYbh7NGTslv5R9dLO-RTDhf5ZxgB_fO9jfASGwmIE361VAnELbBOron8UIvd9mTUGiiDBH0PtwvHobin_Vtdhm8PwO9-pRstM6f6MEE-Oq4Fcu5RHnQ6SbQxXlPHCKhKJeidqCDBBF8ifwc3D4XiDJ7tYa_qbLQ7EfhKF4kABqy0oiSa/s1772/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1772" data-original-width="1329" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxLYDJ0JzvSYbh7NGTslv5R9dLO-RTDhf5ZxgB_fO9jfASGwmIE361VAnELbBOron8UIvd9mTUGiiDBH0PtwvHobin_Vtdhm8PwO9-pRstM6f6MEE-Oq4Fcu5RHnQ6SbQxXlPHCKhKJeidqCDBBF8ifwc3D4XiDJ7tYa_qbLQ7EfhKF4kABqy0oiSa/w348-h464/HOT%20&%20COLD%20AIR%20091222.5.jpg" width="348" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-76300083208130890152022-11-18T17:26:00.001+00:002022-11-18T17:26:21.582+00:00GALWAY BACCHANALIA 17TH NOVEMBER 2022<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Images from the by-now traditional high-spirited, even higher-skirted, Christmas jumpered, fake-tanned, funny-hatted all day romp on the streets and in the pubs of Galway known as the Students' Christmas; the excuse ( if ever one was needed) for a pre-Christmas exam bacchanalian fest.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnjPaUCNSNYpod9AfMBnimFeypr8_zT9oO-IfHdNTK0g8IMIC9o_s1gGgjUrZBGLUfsyZW78YVujOcR_j4p201mVHPALm0ffp3VCWzpyMcp5ncSpQewDMvqm6IYOgPgsFWgakHAQ3TP1EFvyYFZ-cYNcDGimCDX-bKsI8DOIrFxX_6TE3J-WBj4Tus" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="3392" data-original-width="2608" height="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnjPaUCNSNYpod9AfMBnimFeypr8_zT9oO-IfHdNTK0g8IMIC9o_s1gGgjUrZBGLUfsyZW78YVujOcR_j4p201mVHPALm0ffp3VCWzpyMcp5ncSpQewDMvqm6IYOgPgsFWgakHAQ3TP1EFvyYFZ-cYNcDGimCDX-bKsI8DOIrFxX_6TE3J-WBj4Tus=w366-h475" width="366" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0_Nty_lnAnHNTPfPNPJ3Jmvyw9TDBwSnIkJigiJqBGsAVmo90As4cWNNzIoi130ILTc77tgLQoafemsUmDugfTvkRRBHtchcAhEOM0akDBqgBcbWf1VbWpUtOeLdBC8g1mra4NufC6mUTGKxm1iP99xzuu1ZJJbwrnr6ywSAI9EJxLC4HDWh1gAst" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1152" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0_Nty_lnAnHNTPfPNPJ3Jmvyw9TDBwSnIkJigiJqBGsAVmo90As4cWNNzIoi130ILTc77tgLQoafemsUmDugfTvkRRBHtchcAhEOM0akDBqgBcbWf1VbWpUtOeLdBC8g1mra4NufC6mUTGKxm1iP99xzuu1ZJJbwrnr6ywSAI9EJxLC4HDWh1gAst=w337-h449" width="337" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMpUNSOrbIV8K1XTfREYbYDhjGV7s0DtMtu4AmquvmTuC97Kxrf47yaX88Alnr906PlwvMn8J0-cKxHJgiXveJKh0igCCpZSKKjl7h3vDA61bz4nPeJeCs7ME4u2EHtHNXu4p3GG_O-Wn_gBhAVQwFwZGuYuEVwdy8TY-_cyIQZuxMey4GBBrklDtU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1152" height="554" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMpUNSOrbIV8K1XTfREYbYDhjGV7s0DtMtu4AmquvmTuC97Kxrf47yaX88Alnr906PlwvMn8J0-cKxHJgiXveJKh0igCCpZSKKjl7h3vDA61bz4nPeJeCs7ME4u2EHtHNXu4p3GG_O-Wn_gBhAVQwFwZGuYuEVwdy8TY-_cyIQZuxMey4GBBrklDtU=w416-h554" width="416" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgx09-vkk0C5_ob9tR_JpOa4Ku1KiyTIEpTH_yadg2AQONNcAZsRBYjvzy8aslvqxvnY0wxT6Yrs0OMw598JCWI60e_Y-7bXOmMk8WQKT7SkCkmP_BHgB4CdfqyREQ19YsdLU1ZgepK8tQk7FTDZ80nQry_hUTnOLvzHK86CcsC21W8BQyg4yf_SLWS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="1417" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgx09-vkk0C5_ob9tR_JpOa4Ku1KiyTIEpTH_yadg2AQONNcAZsRBYjvzy8aslvqxvnY0wxT6Yrs0OMw598JCWI60e_Y-7bXOmMk8WQKT7SkCkmP_BHgB4CdfqyREQ19YsdLU1ZgepK8tQk7FTDZ80nQry_hUTnOLvzHK86CcsC21W8BQyg4yf_SLWS=w474-h355" width="474" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhd4tP-JPhkC37yGoXHaige6bv4YGCypW1HZxULvCEeMNTq0KLuezGOF7nFgXvIx1RoLWHiUASKcabu2coNl7zUoOUYqi328IqK9ayfzJBXY5BoJ5phEPX0wmxk-nFigghg6dJLNJpcyi-eIHxXtTFJ6j70KjSmfX6uxtbnRObjB0GwuvbkWk7RvbUL" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1152" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhd4tP-JPhkC37yGoXHaige6bv4YGCypW1HZxULvCEeMNTq0KLuezGOF7nFgXvIx1RoLWHiUASKcabu2coNl7zUoOUYqi328IqK9ayfzJBXY5BoJ5phEPX0wmxk-nFigghg6dJLNJpcyi-eIHxXtTFJ6j70KjSmfX6uxtbnRObjB0GwuvbkWk7RvbUL=w319-h425" width="319" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcAi-R_NbfiiWy5HR5vfFlVAr-7mBCWbI_OLnLsO5hdlhOhLaWfwALzeXN07dKQQzxxO4jelsf861ieBlzN3jYNaGPQNK71JLwHqUd1hHIYwEC-TpSV46C3zQI_bt1EYxAOoWSjv3dQ12okvDw7vO3Ji2c7AlJ4FM1iFbW6iR1yMZcPGbnhU2MrmlI" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1535" data-original-width="1152" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcAi-R_NbfiiWy5HR5vfFlVAr-7mBCWbI_OLnLsO5hdlhOhLaWfwALzeXN07dKQQzxxO4jelsf861ieBlzN3jYNaGPQNK71JLwHqUd1hHIYwEC-TpSV46C3zQI_bt1EYxAOoWSjv3dQ12okvDw7vO3Ji2c7AlJ4FM1iFbW6iR1yMZcPGbnhU2MrmlI=w411-h548" width="411" /></a></div><br /><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /></span><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-66694990306812373182022-10-01T19:04:00.002+01:002022-10-25T00:13:48.176+01:00THE MUSHROOM TREE – BARNA WOODS, GALWAY, IRELAND 1st OCTOBER 2022<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEityzDz17a-kcK3O8CnPiTvn-Ndd1EU2LTzV12zNGmJTpISu3TtLfwqKci88VdFR9MurNyS8VwDdMGfe3Xt5nIYMQpN5X5uU0m_7gK6LikfO_L8IVtqPCt1eo5_jpC7TaYtrsRrYlRPrnToOVFNQBPPDD-0MDeD2Tj15RgiTnIDywyTyep8vePM3pAP/s1417/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="945" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEityzDz17a-kcK3O8CnPiTvn-Ndd1EU2LTzV12zNGmJTpISu3TtLfwqKci88VdFR9MurNyS8VwDdMGfe3Xt5nIYMQpN5X5uU0m_7gK6LikfO_L8IVtqPCt1eo5_jpC7TaYtrsRrYlRPrnToOVFNQBPPDD-0MDeD2Tj15RgiTnIDywyTyep8vePM3pAP/w347-h521/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.1.jpg" width="347" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">While walking the dogs today in the local woods I came across this Beech tree with what I hoped, somewhat romantically, were symbiotic mushrooms growing on it from ground level to the highest branches. No other trees in vicinity had same arrangement. Beech trees do depend entirely on a symbiotic relationship with fungi, but these are in the soil (mycorrhizae) and not, as far as I am aware, as outcrops on the trunk and branches. Not much foliage on tree ( will have to check again in spring) so it is far more likely that the tree is entirely or almost entirely standing dead wood providing for the present a nutrient rich skeleton for parasitic rather than symbiotic fungi, until an Atlantic storm topples it.</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikScgIlacP0Kf2dKXXGtG-ff3RRDmE1HGiOTn0Syr0k3gLNt4F6TxxCffngCGShLwefDA2nJmLX4MbeswqctUjPr8WvkL7kwCFHrY2LZl_jw3WeD6cPEQNjCw4-rjw2pCfDZ32o4KmXpqksVJ1QNMD0z7-lqimI-EO774FN6YMGkdI6jYlbCgvvEQc/s1417/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1417" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikScgIlacP0Kf2dKXXGtG-ff3RRDmE1HGiOTn0Syr0k3gLNt4F6TxxCffngCGShLwefDA2nJmLX4MbeswqctUjPr8WvkL7kwCFHrY2LZl_jw3WeD6cPEQNjCw4-rjw2pCfDZ32o4KmXpqksVJ1QNMD0z7-lqimI-EO774FN6YMGkdI6jYlbCgvvEQc/w427-h284/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.2.jpg" width="427" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJXUkJAc4VaVpxoxuh0Pj0yO5IKrA0vfeH1YdLXdVOM-kASmM7eBnQ5XOogx6mqcLbnDPqhZz5a25qLIiQc1uN7NChX91oQyVpIvTOsjNjjzwdloeSJ3ghPpm_NKM95lOKU30UEymghAj7Jn0Kt8m91I9PwSTKnEyVPawIageivqbqaOU1dhskhlb/s1417/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="945" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJXUkJAc4VaVpxoxuh0Pj0yO5IKrA0vfeH1YdLXdVOM-kASmM7eBnQ5XOogx6mqcLbnDPqhZz5a25qLIiQc1uN7NChX91oQyVpIvTOsjNjjzwdloeSJ3ghPpm_NKM95lOKU30UEymghAj7Jn0Kt8m91I9PwSTKnEyVPawIageivqbqaOU1dhskhlb/w304-h456/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.3.jpg" width="304" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkA7j09P5VtR6UyKzyjyctCOfLs4ux4fFtR2XHM28gwgLdtFpDDtLTcs0Fqn_LWMTNfqxivphiknZrSTSehZAEEUjWPTSehavWdqQb2XZVpa5PvNriTItSdAtMxBJFF5G0bYyC0bRLZcn4dP3lTdMP7jmC3PWDEzrFMQ0lXynOUqDvUeECRTVrWZjo/s1181/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNeVZ9gyoXDAuvoZMhdYaNH7x5dYzEeyOJSoub4N7d50Ejax8tJRVQjqVgpmeZOGwQOa5yr_FGmwBW1-2MstEvKkVAIQmB1Ntjsz9cMTUOwBovWLmX1ukBP6t6jHEeKFDnRC_zCDQcSIsoZJt1YCkweBTjeM7DQvGJ0DJIAyny-rIrBU4eD_9sLwbp/s1417/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1417" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNeVZ9gyoXDAuvoZMhdYaNH7x5dYzEeyOJSoub4N7d50Ejax8tJRVQjqVgpmeZOGwQOa5yr_FGmwBW1-2MstEvKkVAIQmB1Ntjsz9cMTUOwBovWLmX1ukBP6t6jHEeKFDnRC_zCDQcSIsoZJt1YCkweBTjeM7DQvGJ0DJIAyny-rIrBU4eD_9sLwbp/w482-h321/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.6.jpg" width="482" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Like a scene from Avatar</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HkHeZ9rO3BDfW7AKrz6L0gLBivdcrcpqaHOo-XniRxhRimWrhksnaC64WtOAn-O2m-qgdqvtDS8AhTLjhqIFGSzcNMQH4BlmKojm1LaYwPOjhuKEEh_E2zxhk_RLFmRGvCz4gnra2KwIc3uKxfqDLUvaB0aDUEKnsAwsGHuNg7HJCgfuIIDDewX9/s1417/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1417" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HkHeZ9rO3BDfW7AKrz6L0gLBivdcrcpqaHOo-XniRxhRimWrhksnaC64WtOAn-O2m-qgdqvtDS8AhTLjhqIFGSzcNMQH4BlmKojm1LaYwPOjhuKEEh_E2zxhk_RLFmRGvCz4gnra2KwIc3uKxfqDLUvaB0aDUEKnsAwsGHuNg7HJCgfuIIDDewX9/w463-h308/The%20Mushroom%20Tree%20Barna%20Woods.7.jpg" width="463" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-53833718503866289552022-08-16T10:26:00.004+01:002022-08-16T17:20:13.640+01:00BOG WALK BEARNA 15th August 2022: A PURPLE HAZE<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnQLsQleg_51qsONeSmw9jTpnwXvAoFu7GIoth8WY3xZCFJWtfGkguHl_yPt4_MuqJ85IDchFeNxvrqKNssJVGVlvN5bHvPvNiQeFoYSUvT5y9hCHTLe9ouaCaMUA-lE6HFLtrP7bxiyPXwmvvHeEpY-gLm2Un4tHlguHqfj44mR4aifJHUUHhjh2/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUnQLsQleg_51qsONeSmw9jTpnwXvAoFu7GIoth8WY3xZCFJWtfGkguHl_yPt4_MuqJ85IDchFeNxvrqKNssJVGVlvN5bHvPvNiQeFoYSUvT5y9hCHTLe9ouaCaMUA-lE6HFLtrP7bxiyPXwmvvHeEpY-gLm2Un4tHlguHqfj44mR4aifJHUUHhjh2/s320/BogWalk%20150822.1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Marsh Woundwort</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpCdDUAJ_cGUxtIP3--8iUFLPTKp3Yitvt5vWTFBcA_Fdki1jR3aa25Cu-i5_S_PtMLAsWPBa2nua06-nAScz07p9VPgkey-aQNcAdo2DjVx30ZWoGAdxoM7QFsIVnX2m_tgqD43PBOxhix6iXMJyk-dyi_m-2niW_1k5VYARlYDfYF7ly3th9T2C5/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpCdDUAJ_cGUxtIP3--8iUFLPTKp3Yitvt5vWTFBcA_Fdki1jR3aa25Cu-i5_S_PtMLAsWPBa2nua06-nAScz07p9VPgkey-aQNcAdo2DjVx30ZWoGAdxoM7QFsIVnX2m_tgqD43PBOxhix6iXMJyk-dyi_m-2niW_1k5VYARlYDfYF7ly3th9T2C5/s320/BogWalk%20150822.10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Tutsan and Common Knapweed</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicKdBrvjdwis9ukv_HYWoXtIhaqQrOqaNcgcNoZj394GLNkNi77V4x9EAXFEGnuEdVyvcmpZF_l2v3J5H-C84aZfXlp8fpj1RzAusWiDYrYZHkTOStAYAGLfDS_WK5B0DyvNZ1TlBUQK-TCAHBB1Jr_DkU6lugADLUuNkrLchOuv44cagL4E-Rlse8/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicKdBrvjdwis9ukv_HYWoXtIhaqQrOqaNcgcNoZj394GLNkNi77V4x9EAXFEGnuEdVyvcmpZF_l2v3J5H-C84aZfXlp8fpj1RzAusWiDYrYZHkTOStAYAGLfDS_WK5B0DyvNZ1TlBUQK-TCAHBB1Jr_DkU6lugADLUuNkrLchOuv44cagL4E-Rlse8/s320/BogWalk%20150822.11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCAmV99Sx4ugi6H5l_gNUxH2k7pZRw4RRB5Za9euIArnLVmjLCarBnIyLW9Rlv-OUo2SpD5MJwcYiKM5Q97bPxEixE4_af_yE_WWEUf2-U9dDrVESEJez23kOw7mf_3dllXGD2OoDyXfJkkzgxsJFfSwHTBOxRV1sJKixf-sbt4SlQGKBw-7Y_vTJe/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCAmV99Sx4ugi6H5l_gNUxH2k7pZRw4RRB5Za9euIArnLVmjLCarBnIyLW9Rlv-OUo2SpD5MJwcYiKM5Q97bPxEixE4_af_yE_WWEUf2-U9dDrVESEJez23kOw7mf_3dllXGD2OoDyXfJkkzgxsJFfSwHTBOxRV1sJKixf-sbt4SlQGKBw-7Y_vTJe/s320/BogWalk%20150822.12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Weevil and Tufted Vetch</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgimP0EgUtq1-0FEIdqZqFPtVrFRZrUvUAplnpZ2STJr-tCdI6ZlHm3sFxS0uiTbSqVVvVfTkV81iy8nZHb6EOLBQOZRPAYHQRhoinQTUNPnSlFfOH3Vr8rMbDy4pfXK_9cDLhkE9eMcdkaWgx_Z35DODrE1HZjk2uP-LLMh0Xd5Bar87UmXsk9ptvJ/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgimP0EgUtq1-0FEIdqZqFPtVrFRZrUvUAplnpZ2STJr-tCdI6ZlHm3sFxS0uiTbSqVVvVfTkV81iy8nZHb6EOLBQOZRPAYHQRhoinQTUNPnSlFfOH3Vr8rMbDy4pfXK_9cDLhkE9eMcdkaWgx_Z35DODrE1HZjk2uP-LLMh0Xd5Bar87UmXsk9ptvJ/s320/BogWalk%20150822.13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Bindweed</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPvgufNDm625IAv32bgiTtqjUnaiOLZZlERri4D0GzomDHEyv40j1qvYPhgqZ2ET8iY6RqfJfVLe9qaH51l4BJYJI4RrifmszaBinKt2zeZfdaWOYPRUV7Hl6xcjspG8VFCuBsiz5wKmtWSYWenDfvL_gGpAO5iwE3kLKOXLBbl4DR5wkL_8Yfc8HM/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPvgufNDm625IAv32bgiTtqjUnaiOLZZlERri4D0GzomDHEyv40j1qvYPhgqZ2ET8iY6RqfJfVLe9qaH51l4BJYJI4RrifmszaBinKt2zeZfdaWOYPRUV7Hl6xcjspG8VFCuBsiz5wKmtWSYWenDfvL_gGpAO5iwE3kLKOXLBbl4DR5wkL_8Yfc8HM/s320/BogWalk%20150822.14.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Bell Heather</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqoDrDl8xaYtoA6oRLn07humj9eK7pFQmrfkDJp4S8leZUi-yAJzmoaNt9ymst-vP-JHbKbGerSJKpfJUfxzvWnVUrDPpQwL2_vkA-Me4gHLxFibSUNVXpDidkcfGBmNSQzt65IFZGJs4_OBG-1fimEEeOjGh0Y0baWQI5l3W0S3t7GO2BuaRArPYG/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqoDrDl8xaYtoA6oRLn07humj9eK7pFQmrfkDJp4S8leZUi-yAJzmoaNt9ymst-vP-JHbKbGerSJKpfJUfxzvWnVUrDPpQwL2_vkA-Me4gHLxFibSUNVXpDidkcfGBmNSQzt65IFZGJs4_OBG-1fimEEeOjGh0Y0baWQI5l3W0S3t7GO2BuaRArPYG/s320/BogWalk%20150822.15.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Bramble Rose</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy3xS-kgpjh-_Ea3RtIfmPwyzbvxb-H4WhAoXngs0iSbl_kALLGNfg-vAnHcDnSINp3lAYBkuhP9PuHxDktsb1yhqTsUlWtkhDUXt0hHMjafmVjVEJSMdO6roRjO6AGjuUJcmrcH0FWDu6UUmrkk1PzUar79AIqI02pUr-ajpIZzZX8lyHqcGzfC14/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.16.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy3xS-kgpjh-_Ea3RtIfmPwyzbvxb-H4WhAoXngs0iSbl_kALLGNfg-vAnHcDnSINp3lAYBkuhP9PuHxDktsb1yhqTsUlWtkhDUXt0hHMjafmVjVEJSMdO6roRjO6AGjuUJcmrcH0FWDu6UUmrkk1PzUar79AIqI02pUr-ajpIZzZX8lyHqcGzfC14/s320/BogWalk%20150822.16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_FLcvyO7kmSXJMOtoyDBonC_4y_fx3savLAU_QoFfLPPhGrQaVCjhsDxK9MQrzPJQ0QZXuSbNzVbXzqvkdlIXZOTECbgByoUMxpGEicakKErQ9wKQ_AdnArkZJhQGO9JxaMAuy-NFCwuqbuTkeUM0rrnspx_E27LGUf9ZFYWjuVDdwUTW3fpzinMa/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.17.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_FLcvyO7kmSXJMOtoyDBonC_4y_fx3savLAU_QoFfLPPhGrQaVCjhsDxK9MQrzPJQ0QZXuSbNzVbXzqvkdlIXZOTECbgByoUMxpGEicakKErQ9wKQ_AdnArkZJhQGO9JxaMAuy-NFCwuqbuTkeUM0rrnspx_E27LGUf9ZFYWjuVDdwUTW3fpzinMa/s320/BogWalk%20150822.17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Irish Brighteye</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMS9u-NvgaWKZcbulp8oajK9F5Vd2I2boV0VQFiX0MR6R9L6TgFcUjHugD4Vqa-C26wwWpvR5ug77MZart9TrftPO09vpefJbIvqPedI4Yq5IX9MjmXArYLYN_7ACRi2NaKPoGgAdby27hxvDNvosopwrotWfd6y_wrHFw2IjU52WAt1Ru7G4lYDN-/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.18.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMS9u-NvgaWKZcbulp8oajK9F5Vd2I2boV0VQFiX0MR6R9L6TgFcUjHugD4Vqa-C26wwWpvR5ug77MZart9TrftPO09vpefJbIvqPedI4Yq5IX9MjmXArYLYN_7ACRi2NaKPoGgAdby27hxvDNvosopwrotWfd6y_wrHFw2IjU52WAt1Ru7G4lYDN-/s320/BogWalk%20150822.18.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJmgt8VvmDKw8dJucbiMpXPI2uCKfLsqhUfZa7S0HA3g4ojsVsobPXI_uIGwp1BEh3TsJHSGjQvfEobeLFK0sWPy0NZWXHY1NawgcS9LmO9lNjYrRpXGZ5ApzeIKDgHENV6ntk2ADBIkT2fp6I-iqzJCeA_wztNppVJiP1t1GkOhdLr7EeYjqCkh92/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.19.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJmgt8VvmDKw8dJucbiMpXPI2uCKfLsqhUfZa7S0HA3g4ojsVsobPXI_uIGwp1BEh3TsJHSGjQvfEobeLFK0sWPy0NZWXHY1NawgcS9LmO9lNjYrRpXGZ5ApzeIKDgHENV6ntk2ADBIkT2fp6I-iqzJCeA_wztNppVJiP1t1GkOhdLr7EeYjqCkh92/s320/BogWalk%20150822.19.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Taking the Devil by the horns... Devil's Bit Scabious</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxDQfn3j4cbeu2VLj63WgI3U5jJ4tffmr367Tmi1XujsuZXr-Sup8P9uiQnhVQfhKz09W_wDcmPbohqcrsarD631tlIfq9dXuEItlUj6S-mlJ56pmuLC0l5et28OAtmegciI2dVLjD_bu-txvRBq2ZtV_F0kAQOLOMJWl-IVjPDwvYXrHvz6mrBPKv/s875/BogWalk%20150822.2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="875" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxDQfn3j4cbeu2VLj63WgI3U5jJ4tffmr367Tmi1XujsuZXr-Sup8P9uiQnhVQfhKz09W_wDcmPbohqcrsarD631tlIfq9dXuEItlUj6S-mlJ56pmuLC0l5et28OAtmegciI2dVLjD_bu-txvRBq2ZtV_F0kAQOLOMJWl-IVjPDwvYXrHvz6mrBPKv/s320/BogWalk%20150822.2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Loosestrife</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCLXHYyD8jgahY_S0gXLwPUcm0vE-YgpI5JjhP8V_ItI_nZKBtOBXhtiQ7rCHIpob81jDu2PNqaCcQqhSvnCMKbjm5qKFcfZnTQrOFI5kB0hcqcpSljJyJBNsYWfrWYQlLnnvp1AuIeUTMQatmy4yjxuW9nwLbPuO0imFvWmBaNZ5fk7zqK6NTYqjI/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCLXHYyD8jgahY_S0gXLwPUcm0vE-YgpI5JjhP8V_ItI_nZKBtOBXhtiQ7rCHIpob81jDu2PNqaCcQqhSvnCMKbjm5qKFcfZnTQrOFI5kB0hcqcpSljJyJBNsYWfrWYQlLnnvp1AuIeUTMQatmy4yjxuW9nwLbPuO0imFvWmBaNZ5fk7zqK6NTYqjI/s320/BogWalk%20150822.20.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hoN0th7--VTrfVKqs8IyO8c5qyDIVKI5d7REQ1orR6vSav7-DVpGQtqCUjWrjQH_ifJFgZviSRf5JCiwwlDH0EKz6m3xp4eHqpu2vVxmaoQksScExoocdE0fZJqns4m_vCGVFEIGCSScukTe8Pdw9Z61R9PTZaZYLvFrXExnOmeEHTN5Fe4R0kqX/s1075/BogWalk%20150822.21.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="1075" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hoN0th7--VTrfVKqs8IyO8c5qyDIVKI5d7REQ1orR6vSav7-DVpGQtqCUjWrjQH_ifJFgZviSRf5JCiwwlDH0EKz6m3xp4eHqpu2vVxmaoQksScExoocdE0fZJqns4m_vCGVFEIGCSScukTe8Pdw9Z61R9PTZaZYLvFrXExnOmeEHTN5Fe4R0kqX/s320/BogWalk%20150822.21.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Thistle</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIAXQvEGNVR6vfOnnKfB6iGTReuL3CGLNHwOu0e7r-nRxwezo1MQ2o9M8JGHmcFXP4aA1_Dh2aFYZGuzMcS2ka2niU1sMxz4x7wVz7xfw6WhdiyITUchOTXPKVF1swFZFDQYmCH3CYyZiEP6_7gQ32s1vA7vh4-8K7gupbjQx0MftM7l1CnkuHHZH/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.22.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIAXQvEGNVR6vfOnnKfB6iGTReuL3CGLNHwOu0e7r-nRxwezo1MQ2o9M8JGHmcFXP4aA1_Dh2aFYZGuzMcS2ka2niU1sMxz4x7wVz7xfw6WhdiyITUchOTXPKVF1swFZFDQYmCH3CYyZiEP6_7gQ32s1vA7vh4-8K7gupbjQx0MftM7l1CnkuHHZH/s320/BogWalk%20150822.22.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg51HmmdCa4Mz7tfoH1TZ0GczhO_wVXHs66s9hr6d58Bq9Bj7PLv5_lC6R5C-OnEkOzHITWfQxrPzBk9P9Gd5icyuRi7ILU0isIMNz7S5A-nozIKA3KOCdomNtrcc1xexPi4fdaVpOoXDiomD7SeOfct1q8fhY1D3iBWKwwdRXu9nVttOfB7oiDKrzz/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.23.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg51HmmdCa4Mz7tfoH1TZ0GczhO_wVXHs66s9hr6d58Bq9Bj7PLv5_lC6R5C-OnEkOzHITWfQxrPzBk9P9Gd5icyuRi7ILU0isIMNz7S5A-nozIKA3KOCdomNtrcc1xexPi4fdaVpOoXDiomD7SeOfct1q8fhY1D3iBWKwwdRXu9nVttOfB7oiDKrzz/s320/BogWalk%20150822.23.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj05HWSckm-V6TSpcum31Sl1O3RGyEp-PLh7r3rAQSxYmrqHX1Kex19uoS5YKgiomvCT-bLAYiVxnRvkVgq8k5BmT-jl15-v7Q19xlusYqKp_lkpjBhzibD7t4aWM2Mks0NGJOVncnn_T-oh7wpZ9LgWC29PKCBeL_C5oHcmVO_BNw9CpBka5oWvpEY/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.24.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj05HWSckm-V6TSpcum31Sl1O3RGyEp-PLh7r3rAQSxYmrqHX1Kex19uoS5YKgiomvCT-bLAYiVxnRvkVgq8k5BmT-jl15-v7Q19xlusYqKp_lkpjBhzibD7t4aWM2Mks0NGJOVncnn_T-oh7wpZ9LgWC29PKCBeL_C5oHcmVO_BNw9CpBka5oWvpEY/s320/BogWalk%20150822.24.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwbqB5tEFGO2koR3fMmIJcuR94oKMVeml7Z2EGCrX7RZStfiv0Mdh2-D4oY_IZ_mzXWIjjDJGU_kb4n1-LSPzbNqbgFExFMzVSSR395oafPO5FhBC2eMMTSqKWAxa0UrGAkZcuYP4oqeLbnfmwmaWvnAWLZhXIj_Jl3JKy_XXkXnchrm3XMsaotzrO/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.25.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwbqB5tEFGO2koR3fMmIJcuR94oKMVeml7Z2EGCrX7RZStfiv0Mdh2-D4oY_IZ_mzXWIjjDJGU_kb4n1-LSPzbNqbgFExFMzVSSR395oafPO5FhBC2eMMTSqKWAxa0UrGAkZcuYP4oqeLbnfmwmaWvnAWLZhXIj_Jl3JKy_XXkXnchrm3XMsaotzrO/s320/BogWalk%20150822.25.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sea Bindweed</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRHNFnLzwMaMYWPJjuOk9RukqrPxxjkoQtlwd1N13qwKMzoAneIng5Gj7UWEtKcqatR_kxrudtRCnDuRTNR39ucd_Wcf_f-_BHCBpfnr8F-Ydou22r0wwJxVYHX3BsXdwcjoaMFvKjq41bys20_rTxowW7c1kvgnbnn8YbkFmbZvfFF8v2MnbfPGif/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.26.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRHNFnLzwMaMYWPJjuOk9RukqrPxxjkoQtlwd1N13qwKMzoAneIng5Gj7UWEtKcqatR_kxrudtRCnDuRTNR39ucd_Wcf_f-_BHCBpfnr8F-Ydou22r0wwJxVYHX3BsXdwcjoaMFvKjq41bys20_rTxowW7c1kvgnbnn8YbkFmbZvfFF8v2MnbfPGif/s320/BogWalk%20150822.26.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Rosebay Willowherb</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk0hElKsrtFHhc5UJOR_JcHjRC3BO-kO5Wkf5kk_PSJZ6J1Ix_ildiylVG6vLS1ON7553_xBjR5zea_hmcwGIjRfnGvk8tc5gx0P25duB45RY2BEDK84QR8PL3vNMoaWGGINixk4XA2XwBVI4gLjAv1FTw4-GL-jDeEVOcWvykiH2TqvdOLRggvP_a/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.27.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk0hElKsrtFHhc5UJOR_JcHjRC3BO-kO5Wkf5kk_PSJZ6J1Ix_ildiylVG6vLS1ON7553_xBjR5zea_hmcwGIjRfnGvk8tc5gx0P25duB45RY2BEDK84QR8PL3vNMoaWGGINixk4XA2XwBVI4gLjAv1FTw4-GL-jDeEVOcWvykiH2TqvdOLRggvP_a/s320/BogWalk%20150822.27.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7EGaI1pagvLg22OOFsv-zuqawUKVLve-mjRggc6RNjiQoFWhy6lqXcSa1eqwu05WLFo5UWSgdtTGV-TU2nRjj1IRseRW9MzRRAXo-sVuYvez7gA7QBcTA9M-GALuTiRnDA87DzAjtTZSkWHjf1XaQo9XBQVaayt_seDRwlWsLSRT7xBzsFzpNKAS/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.28.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7EGaI1pagvLg22OOFsv-zuqawUKVLve-mjRggc6RNjiQoFWhy6lqXcSa1eqwu05WLFo5UWSgdtTGV-TU2nRjj1IRseRW9MzRRAXo-sVuYvez7gA7QBcTA9M-GALuTiRnDA87DzAjtTZSkWHjf1XaQo9XBQVaayt_seDRwlWsLSRT7xBzsFzpNKAS/s320/BogWalk%20150822.28.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7F6Q75BUS50HoOi9YuYU7Nbtv6MJ3dB-PF4YG5O0l95O-8uud6anFgmAonit7ikRsfA1zoVL9aBEsjFZpkXiYfE3pKdIXku-DSkSqpNZKjqOzR4JS4RSzKCTuOGklHhTdPggvxXRRzkijB9YgwJyg7Ilpdu4ugZ6gfekfLDcrehY1AKUTGKLw1cq/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.29.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7F6Q75BUS50HoOi9YuYU7Nbtv6MJ3dB-PF4YG5O0l95O-8uud6anFgmAonit7ikRsfA1zoVL9aBEsjFZpkXiYfE3pKdIXku-DSkSqpNZKjqOzR4JS4RSzKCTuOGklHhTdPggvxXRRzkijB9YgwJyg7Ilpdu4ugZ6gfekfLDcrehY1AKUTGKLw1cq/s320/BogWalk%20150822.29.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">St. Dabeoc's Heath</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TE_ErjM63Is4FbEbQKagGM3v4cxwrBiTTLfN810aBiHf2bgyS4eDSUM6RWLYNvNnwca6onDVG4Evwk1ea-p8wb6FHkXxhud3OSRLoSQp3HfyZ4KG8sA2cyBpDAXGcShey087TLmccZXccAEj8AdWe3WrvnyhM5A64RccVwzJVAtbq8C8zkpV20lJ/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TE_ErjM63Is4FbEbQKagGM3v4cxwrBiTTLfN810aBiHf2bgyS4eDSUM6RWLYNvNnwca6onDVG4Evwk1ea-p8wb6FHkXxhud3OSRLoSQp3HfyZ4KG8sA2cyBpDAXGcShey087TLmccZXccAEj8AdWe3WrvnyhM5A64RccVwzJVAtbq8C8zkpV20lJ/s320/BogWalk%20150822.3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRjMRLHqExol4hAUA3_LPtRs0bQ5o0uokCFTHyYi_S2Wh9_4nU7EUKW9jMl-REAJrqBjemr3NLg3bZ-pTA4bOC5G9FprsaIgX6b3hOA0Z4WHlOeZJzjv2QEJaJGCVvZ4gnY-YdppfqJS1mG9KxoQlWet-BW7G9urRdcO7O9I10v7z5Bc4xMaEVIegO/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.31.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRjMRLHqExol4hAUA3_LPtRs0bQ5o0uokCFTHyYi_S2Wh9_4nU7EUKW9jMl-REAJrqBjemr3NLg3bZ-pTA4bOC5G9FprsaIgX6b3hOA0Z4WHlOeZJzjv2QEJaJGCVvZ4gnY-YdppfqJS1mG9KxoQlWet-BW7G9urRdcO7O9I10v7z5Bc4xMaEVIegO/s320/BogWalk%20150822.31.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Cross Leaved Heath</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8ldEKL7KyIPYsdy-QkKaN-kc5kh445_YNr5shwqbi15HAYf7CQH9AhTk4XmsmjqrZlbJ4_xd8-1FNIwDCwpG5-_7-XyrxJ7zNnYNC9hkWyCAjYm-uVl-Hs-uSiwlkXcyRN0mHkqEkZy49_wdnB6ozyShCzQM-dObA2F_RktHlZoVQYBqUpgN4tX9/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.32.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8ldEKL7KyIPYsdy-QkKaN-kc5kh445_YNr5shwqbi15HAYf7CQH9AhTk4XmsmjqrZlbJ4_xd8-1FNIwDCwpG5-_7-XyrxJ7zNnYNC9hkWyCAjYm-uVl-Hs-uSiwlkXcyRN0mHkqEkZy49_wdnB6ozyShCzQM-dObA2F_RktHlZoVQYBqUpgN4tX9/s320/BogWalk%20150822.32.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnas0yvRPa5irzKmi8DWX8oDaqOiRCXXLt8AsBOczMnJ-E04c9Ue50SM5lb72kPGM5D4CqI572otj2ohVDfjoesxY7kH3hRWTaMFvAk3_VAbzPNJIuhDAThVtOaxaslJs3lL9gHNKa6KESVtEygbnuD1U8SDl_nYGlm8x_FNPt3ZmvzMI4t6w1rib9/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.33.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnas0yvRPa5irzKmi8DWX8oDaqOiRCXXLt8AsBOczMnJ-E04c9Ue50SM5lb72kPGM5D4CqI572otj2ohVDfjoesxY7kH3hRWTaMFvAk3_VAbzPNJIuhDAThVtOaxaslJs3lL9gHNKa6KESVtEygbnuD1U8SDl_nYGlm8x_FNPt3ZmvzMI4t6w1rib9/s320/BogWalk%20150822.33.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Water Mint</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA8x9fyTNfSYDFtzrNT1rRdE4lnvj60STSFLFjzgRJkroY4dkcGc8pwKxraH6eE2fFS1l_n8QL-yFRsw_kg1wHrF9UrsuxBYDnnQmJ3sUul0GLaPKgN95O59FlilmjUitGg70cffYyYUl8WVZ6_VO0sUsO57VwRdE9AvGHvxL7_QKGimTwFxth380a/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.34.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA8x9fyTNfSYDFtzrNT1rRdE4lnvj60STSFLFjzgRJkroY4dkcGc8pwKxraH6eE2fFS1l_n8QL-yFRsw_kg1wHrF9UrsuxBYDnnQmJ3sUul0GLaPKgN95O59FlilmjUitGg70cffYyYUl8WVZ6_VO0sUsO57VwRdE9AvGHvxL7_QKGimTwFxth380a/s320/BogWalk%20150822.34.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZeAbcMPcKnPA0b3QwRo_IfsD7FCXk9bOyrXHsklOgv6yT10-a1g0gw-cfpaqeDFBBGqbwDMxTxc4ghzBe4240a9HNaVsbq6sex4deQb9nly_qrUeGjNnebBrClSWrl0y9KkrVzKUekhAvJECIYtQ6wQE6_dQDUo6tB2AuPKgwGXLh3lq1RgjEpU4/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.35.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZeAbcMPcKnPA0b3QwRo_IfsD7FCXk9bOyrXHsklOgv6yT10-a1g0gw-cfpaqeDFBBGqbwDMxTxc4ghzBe4240a9HNaVsbq6sex4deQb9nly_qrUeGjNnebBrClSWrl0y9KkrVzKUekhAvJECIYtQ6wQE6_dQDUo6tB2AuPKgwGXLh3lq1RgjEpU4/s320/BogWalk%20150822.35.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Bog Boardwalk</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIHOXiToNVht5_msdzZ6ziW6k29Jz2DZ_rMosKKBg-_ZZXZrAjp9XX6MxgfUTpNtCLR1ASqw6Me2QIEw7PuchNFmNeZiygFJdmfr6OTYw_27hmD7MZcQBLjdvxpDI60u_OzHVv9rf8MwTSLKwD5GYwfVWdw_z0Jgv83DmIxfXPBTHoM6Zjdg79zHiS/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.36.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIHOXiToNVht5_msdzZ6ziW6k29Jz2DZ_rMosKKBg-_ZZXZrAjp9XX6MxgfUTpNtCLR1ASqw6Me2QIEw7PuchNFmNeZiygFJdmfr6OTYw_27hmD7MZcQBLjdvxpDI60u_OzHVv9rf8MwTSLKwD5GYwfVWdw_z0Jgv83DmIxfXPBTHoM6Zjdg79zHiS/s320/BogWalk%20150822.36.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRwCYUwTeex8eCczazGZU737akpFZ2Scq4vVph40RcFBYBUgtMhrb5BqAbiIxKw_GG7GwifsrLc0G9Vcef-y8CyvXP2Rv3W44qzEOrnUpj18nAGVBK_qnE2IBlR9KsPcXhrPGqOIgvJd9Z4CgY3NZ34Qr4mGz2ZCMV_E6zjUeYkbr8rN8Mg5aKKb2c/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.37.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1181" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRwCYUwTeex8eCczazGZU737akpFZ2Scq4vVph40RcFBYBUgtMhrb5BqAbiIxKw_GG7GwifsrLc0G9Vcef-y8CyvXP2Rv3W44qzEOrnUpj18nAGVBK_qnE2IBlR9KsPcXhrPGqOIgvJd9Z4CgY3NZ34Qr4mGz2ZCMV_E6zjUeYkbr8rN8Mg5aKKb2c/s320/BogWalk%20150822.37.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gorse Glen</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdWRIV-yO5vqIEO4AGn7Y6DCexPqkWwz4FMeTP87Q_Np-s1iKUcukQSEVJ1jRH-ntrMOE3eI5B3uWIdyLIETRweJoWq3UC9tQU9TRG7-ORY4bkCBVZNv4fuV3jdU-_woRo1iWL-OMeAFEX64XP5-t77ruZLZ8-E8BGwZ9dqR4z9EO8V6aakpH_Or8a/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.38.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdWRIV-yO5vqIEO4AGn7Y6DCexPqkWwz4FMeTP87Q_Np-s1iKUcukQSEVJ1jRH-ntrMOE3eI5B3uWIdyLIETRweJoWq3UC9tQU9TRG7-ORY4bkCBVZNv4fuV3jdU-_woRo1iWL-OMeAFEX64XP5-t77ruZLZ8-E8BGwZ9dqR4z9EO8V6aakpH_Or8a/s320/BogWalk%20150822.38.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXMR58u7M8MB-qLzjJ2ym3yBYCOd2Bz1Vvwmxk1NcWnCcunCwqgPVcRINL9RE9cbPXNZP8gzD99Mtf-LSd7oNNNKk9hWngJUJuXsetXfBoS4mX1ZZkMr37fvnjw_2EyT0z2u-JnQeDMifORVpmbVNgR5N89zx2w6ywhdaUo40nniuDiLN_XpW_QYLn/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.39.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXMR58u7M8MB-qLzjJ2ym3yBYCOd2Bz1Vvwmxk1NcWnCcunCwqgPVcRINL9RE9cbPXNZP8gzD99Mtf-LSd7oNNNKk9hWngJUJuXsetXfBoS4mX1ZZkMr37fvnjw_2EyT0z2u-JnQeDMifORVpmbVNgR5N89zx2w6ywhdaUo40nniuDiLN_XpW_QYLn/s320/BogWalk%20150822.39.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52UrHeVdBdTwhyE0XYgJFDm-Hy4BM-bTsTdzYGstWEd9kYEKSunX44_TZbfxJvqc0wORyiNTc8P3yh38mTJ89ec7Yb53WWGK4bKsUQdJNf8ntVEikodAgrBskgbFafUN_rjFKkyUvOuY8ZSDtta2th8eivy-6iJmhPMnf1RZStWBbdAYxfLzOxzXf/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52UrHeVdBdTwhyE0XYgJFDm-Hy4BM-bTsTdzYGstWEd9kYEKSunX44_TZbfxJvqc0wORyiNTc8P3yh38mTJ89ec7Yb53WWGK4bKsUQdJNf8ntVEikodAgrBskgbFafUN_rjFKkyUvOuY8ZSDtta2th8eivy-6iJmhPMnf1RZStWBbdAYxfLzOxzXf/s320/BogWalk%20150822.4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_fygLEsJ6SOwJ_tMRRKAhbAjRQ-OlL4niM46hIpna6u-PpjcfGVHnGvUK4mWpAaF8L7aGNrDxXlMvJUikIsk9SGxU7zwoNHMbFQTmZoEPj2jocucsCBl7uRkvG_GlXZ7T468ZjYlfZr5aKXLZOo8qCG_JqnnGhdPMhDKGxz4HViQdGvttSLAQJdu/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.40.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_fygLEsJ6SOwJ_tMRRKAhbAjRQ-OlL4niM46hIpna6u-PpjcfGVHnGvUK4mWpAaF8L7aGNrDxXlMvJUikIsk9SGxU7zwoNHMbFQTmZoEPj2jocucsCBl7uRkvG_GlXZ7T468ZjYlfZr5aKXLZOo8qCG_JqnnGhdPMhDKGxz4HViQdGvttSLAQJdu/s320/BogWalk%20150822.40.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEICixt2TnWsZR-RyLjIP8vgrWC8MjmvqC8te6ZWEhoSTQMsfEr4UHj5Z1D-DIQrrKKid0z_MbPoFo3Xyfy6w0hEQ2Dxbv7xkPWczuQdb_3MGGDsDJFevq7CtnhVmg8iZeAhSKmqQwassm4CeX5ejkhFJ9SDa1UY1O03_rrJL-iu0N2Ao2hR0JHipN/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.41.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEICixt2TnWsZR-RyLjIP8vgrWC8MjmvqC8te6ZWEhoSTQMsfEr4UHj5Z1D-DIQrrKKid0z_MbPoFo3Xyfy6w0hEQ2Dxbv7xkPWczuQdb_3MGGDsDJFevq7CtnhVmg8iZeAhSKmqQwassm4CeX5ejkhFJ9SDa1UY1O03_rrJL-iu0N2Ao2hR0JHipN/s320/BogWalk%20150822.41.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Honeysuckle/Woodbine</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTILmoe-swyudbUSeCXKK6Yq4SaLZo9xODENmQsIPewG9CsxSLzzzHpp0HqpskPRtzs4wQNPsnSy4_6Az-5oHnv7BtE5m_3Nzh6eqpek-u-Faz_6xYjLqNpc8VI1xe6SVFN3TuTimVCCTlCpVcNCJeEulZAhvm3Eq9d70_IBlRgs8XHaKLQIN9eoPE/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.42.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTILmoe-swyudbUSeCXKK6Yq4SaLZo9xODENmQsIPewG9CsxSLzzzHpp0HqpskPRtzs4wQNPsnSy4_6Az-5oHnv7BtE5m_3Nzh6eqpek-u-Faz_6xYjLqNpc8VI1xe6SVFN3TuTimVCCTlCpVcNCJeEulZAhvm3Eq9d70_IBlRgs8XHaKLQIN9eoPE/s320/BogWalk%20150822.42.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4TcQqlHQATM_WjZ3qVn5EySniHhcKfXi65MKuZvcj_e9bTtTv-3oq9zhJHDyxvGr79aZOZdAUb4APy3t5b9fT3h-kr1W2Ow2EA0diI2ruAjBjHOxy5iIaaW8MEfvvrRnnyWEv-VitQX2Kgt7xW2sO0bp5KVRvMH6fMXXWRuq8LhZei15Z9Tr70LZN/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.43.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4TcQqlHQATM_WjZ3qVn5EySniHhcKfXi65MKuZvcj_e9bTtTv-3oq9zhJHDyxvGr79aZOZdAUb4APy3t5b9fT3h-kr1W2Ow2EA0diI2ruAjBjHOxy5iIaaW8MEfvvrRnnyWEv-VitQX2Kgt7xW2sO0bp5KVRvMH6fMXXWRuq8LhZei15Z9Tr70LZN/s320/BogWalk%20150822.43.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdqTVs39Hs1lT3JLD8VyPvUQsCcyVkF_0ihMQY7KvyQF-ht-IRu6mMGwt1Rnk_IEM7dFPbDQLx4ANzaTQ7STJDVi8nHd7md16hxjI6HDEA2W__OFJPKW35rNGvOQ3BHxmz8gGsr7-KgpGD5Ow8B9Ynucf8A8DB3l7T3-VMspNQzSVdJQTLwvqSxYI/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.44.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdqTVs39Hs1lT3JLD8VyPvUQsCcyVkF_0ihMQY7KvyQF-ht-IRu6mMGwt1Rnk_IEM7dFPbDQLx4ANzaTQ7STJDVi8nHd7md16hxjI6HDEA2W__OFJPKW35rNGvOQ3BHxmz8gGsr7-KgpGD5Ow8B9Ynucf8A8DB3l7T3-VMspNQzSVdJQTLwvqSxYI/s320/BogWalk%20150822.44.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Montbretia</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbb1Nsel-PWiA8940uFAm1KXNceBcekiNqaQLBEEB9xe6HTxglR_tkanyf4dLY5VjJlEqli6kSjjuGpRcZuUQ6hXiU1eUvxqbpl2PCBIkL89HEqzOPSK3lOJhbcNlqkNH4fu7V9nH1ISiT-F3BxFUHllAFyE9q05dWPydZdAJKnkxhfsQoni-Z8a7T/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.45.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbb1Nsel-PWiA8940uFAm1KXNceBcekiNqaQLBEEB9xe6HTxglR_tkanyf4dLY5VjJlEqli6kSjjuGpRcZuUQ6hXiU1eUvxqbpl2PCBIkL89HEqzOPSK3lOJhbcNlqkNH4fu7V9nH1ISiT-F3BxFUHllAFyE9q05dWPydZdAJKnkxhfsQoni-Z8a7T/s320/BogWalk%20150822.45.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtsqHeiOQvRUfxjuRMlhF45KPXDVYK3MO_1BNaFglJvHW_52xR7SjPXGH1Xh55fj1RoFjM_uRhTewmspzk8SxEEd-BhCm7TvRm00hRkX85z8FtEkXsuDHASwDPgXbmdHkSk0wYjQfmsBm00eyOv7Wsxmzpv2pdl2mVIWwD6y-ebF3rB2Y1sgtWX14/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.46.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtsqHeiOQvRUfxjuRMlhF45KPXDVYK3MO_1BNaFglJvHW_52xR7SjPXGH1Xh55fj1RoFjM_uRhTewmspzk8SxEEd-BhCm7TvRm00hRkX85z8FtEkXsuDHASwDPgXbmdHkSk0wYjQfmsBm00eyOv7Wsxmzpv2pdl2mVIWwD6y-ebF3rB2Y1sgtWX14/s320/BogWalk%20150822.46.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBCpN4aZX9cyH1KbRmY8eEMb3WLzKTQezg4by7lMDU6i96pSTL_eA-WwSt28lWysrdBN084PBSM7-ZRaIMSAa8XUU2lhXeHQ9C5e2kcUHsIdcG5YFlcd30rvI_Kr5Hyat_vUp_gWJmwcDorG9wfTaNMOK2n9-1FX2BQXtfQaGCMn5ZJ57yPgLQWpMV/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.47.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBCpN4aZX9cyH1KbRmY8eEMb3WLzKTQezg4by7lMDU6i96pSTL_eA-WwSt28lWysrdBN084PBSM7-ZRaIMSAa8XUU2lhXeHQ9C5e2kcUHsIdcG5YFlcd30rvI_Kr5Hyat_vUp_gWJmwcDorG9wfTaNMOK2n9-1FX2BQXtfQaGCMn5ZJ57yPgLQWpMV/s320/BogWalk%20150822.47.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUe8CfIGBW5KxhAr4Qvcd5wcW01c67zjfKIV4zbuf4N7YzvR0BxuuPCUmGqQHIJyVnR7dttq2fnANna7Xi854GbD2AZvrlylKRy4U0S-bAp0AQlorK5Pv2pjqpY8HhHXffmUNs2aTefMBR1-lCZQ8dPKMGFAAOEkD-ZpwdesuQ3PMm-SF_sLG7qHID/s320/BogWalk%20150822.7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiFa2Ys1-510m3KmSMe75Wwr2_qoME2qVGTSJRsMYErnjMK7Fylpt6Ok-jv3Gl2ZYv246EJQRqUnW-sKwZao6zXKU8_M6ipxBMKeg5zkowhpjUryYEMPASfbPnwXDGMsOav21438sbEogZht4Iq6X7cIOOQzZowsfCgl7iB2kSQ11S2IyQH8JOgbOJ/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiFa2Ys1-510m3KmSMe75Wwr2_qoME2qVGTSJRsMYErnjMK7Fylpt6Ok-jv3Gl2ZYv246EJQRqUnW-sKwZao6zXKU8_M6ipxBMKeg5zkowhpjUryYEMPASfbPnwXDGMsOav21438sbEogZht4Iq6X7cIOOQzZowsfCgl7iB2kSQ11S2IyQH8JOgbOJ/s320/BogWalk%20150822.8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Clover</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuuV9n7emaURds--LKGLAmQoNfu7wt-U9F71rIOYn2jK_EJvi---7rBtuyXqIrXYQloM0L8MM-p-H_nMIN0HWBE7CMi9aiGrEdb8ea0cOHQcSHcR8WJ3iq08B1XDa8LjbUGH9XjkzoxZtVra1RaJLkSQYbTMrjnLB0QFKGsKTL3CEe6m-TQGgUBC-n/s1181/BogWalk%20150822.9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuuV9n7emaURds--LKGLAmQoNfu7wt-U9F71rIOYn2jK_EJvi---7rBtuyXqIrXYQloM0L8MM-p-H_nMIN0HWBE7CMi9aiGrEdb8ea0cOHQcSHcR8WJ3iq08B1XDa8LjbUGH9XjkzoxZtVra1RaJLkSQYbTMrjnLB0QFKGsKTL3CEe6m-TQGgUBC-n/s320/BogWalk%20150822.9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-38888504250130868482022-08-11T23:11:00.003+01:002022-08-15T10:02:32.059+01:00RIHLA (Journey 75): THERMOPYLAE, GREECE – SACRED LANDSCAPES AND SACRIFICE – THE ÓCHI, SISU, AND SAMUD OF LACONICS AND LARRIKINS<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldWj8Rdwmh32hG16woVn0K6tTMDs6mLW2RWutBWWyoF46W8UKvyMrU-1KBpgrePDBuwfqPchpCanLltGS94QfU9klkgKnYTXTxqIQ22LVfKGm6KLGDiOmP3xt9971oFa7ba05nBJGMb0apOkA2j9eX6cxvlioqQxmVOkWJXE05ef84yPR_IiRkAZ6/s945/SPARTAN%20MON%20THERMOPYLAE%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="945" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldWj8Rdwmh32hG16woVn0K6tTMDs6mLW2RWutBWWyoF46W8UKvyMrU-1KBpgrePDBuwfqPchpCanLltGS94QfU9klkgKnYTXTxqIQ22LVfKGm6KLGDiOmP3xt9971oFa7ba05nBJGMb0apOkA2j9eX6cxvlioqQxmVOkWJXE05ef84yPR_IiRkAZ6/w470-h313/SPARTAN%20MON%20THERMOPYLAE%201.jpg" width="470" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Rihla </span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">(The Journey) – was the short title of a 14th Century (1355 CE) book written in Fez by the Islamic legal scholar Ibn Jazayy al-Kalbi of Granada, who recorded and then transcribed the dictated travelogue of the Tangerian, Ibn Battuta. The book’s full title was <i>A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</i> and somehow the title of Ibn Jazayy's <i>Rihla</i> of Ibn Battuta’s travels captures the ethos of many of the city and country journeys I have been lucky to take in past years.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">SACRED LANDSCAPES AND SACRIFICE<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">“Irrespective of our creed or politics, irrespective of what culture or subculture may have coloured our individual sensibilities, our imaginations assent to the stimulus of names, our sense of place is enhanced, our sense of ourselves as inhabitants not just of a geographical country but of a country of the mind is cemented</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Seamus Heaney<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">‘The Sense of Place’ (1977) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Preoccupations <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPYkICnH0Qo31by2LacJtQUYb14BD7MMzp8ySFgupmR8GCcyQo7e5982826wC-jCUmPFYk_rQlvNVOJIinMhdYKeXznW4phPcujy3uM_r8XGAR_CLi4HCl9IMzRgKdCAuh4Fhzaw5TkJelWoirI-9ER7IMW9tUyQ5qifhwC-nHvQgzi-NpvrFsfdW/s2165/Thermopylae%20relief%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1360" data-original-width="2165" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPYkICnH0Qo31by2LacJtQUYb14BD7MMzp8ySFgupmR8GCcyQo7e5982826wC-jCUmPFYk_rQlvNVOJIinMhdYKeXznW4phPcujy3uM_r8XGAR_CLi4HCl9IMzRgKdCAuh4Fhzaw5TkJelWoirI-9ER7IMW9tUyQ5qifhwC-nHvQgzi-NpvrFsfdW/w485-h305/Thermopylae%20relief%201.jpg" width="485" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Location of Thermopylae at top of Malian Gulf</div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">This Rihla is about a journey into and through a geographical “sacred landscape”; the sacred landscape that is Thermopylae, Greece. As Heaney has alluded to his 1977 prose piece <i>The Sense of Place</i> "sacred landscapes" exist not as a consequence of a “culture or subculture” or of a “creed or politics” but because of the landscape itself. A European landscape whose true identity may first have established in the mind about 10,000 years ago, when, as the ice caps receded, points of reference evolved from the permanent enclosures for domesticated goats or pastures for domesticated wheat becomes “sacred” as it evolves into a “country of the mind”. That concept of geographical sacredness, of legacy, becomes something that must be protected, must be preserved at all costs. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt;">The foundation for any geographical landscape to become truly sacred, I believe, is that it has been or will have to be solemnised – in the past or in the future – by the self-sacrifice of individuals; individuals who had or will have a choice to abandon their fixed points of reference and instead have died or will die for a “country of the mind” in order to protect their families, their community and their landscape.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The need for self-sacrifice needs some explanation. Sacred landscapes are distinct from sacred spaces or spaces of cultural heritage, although they can co-exist. Sacred spaces are where a community through usage and/or communal sacrifice or ritual has created an ethno-religious sanctuary, such as Olympia or Delphi, or the “sacred” constructs of isolation from the community and self-denial such as the monasteries of Meteora and Mount Athos, which I would visit later. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">I made the pilgrimage, no that word denies my argument, I made a journey to Thermopylae to both see and understand the actual geography of “self-sacrifice” and to my surprise I found that the sacredness of Thermopylae is concelebrated by at least 4 solemn memorials to the “glorious dead”, heroes who had died in its marshes and defiles across 2,500 years – in 480 BCE, 1821 CE and 1941CE to highlight a few – resisting oppressors, protecting their friends, and defending the notion of Greece, a “country of the mind”. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8e-cAknd84YLsg_qfBXqSxPTy57197EWXqE6czViNDRv_H7OYWkMdEr4_Yvjr3gz5ZKy2kn9etwM3XM9CHhbjm57gBGDz8DzC6CKWDQ8e4srI6qyY3Gl-tspPo2ztoNoy9NkIrfTCMOnfLZ-y1-LPb3gEV7XLDEW2NPqYmEgh9lC0sSdLCd99I_Td/s2461/brallos%20pass%20thermoopylae%20basic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1188" data-original-width="2461" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8e-cAknd84YLsg_qfBXqSxPTy57197EWXqE6czViNDRv_H7OYWkMdEr4_Yvjr3gz5ZKy2kn9etwM3XM9CHhbjm57gBGDz8DzC6CKWDQ8e4srI6qyY3Gl-tspPo2ztoNoy9NkIrfTCMOnfLZ-y1-LPb3gEV7XLDEW2NPqYmEgh9lC0sSdLCd99I_Td/w515-h248/brallos%20pass%20thermoopylae%20basic.jpg" width="515" /></a></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr9kVee58pMVpGlHQO7tzcALtPyuYvILGzh4V1Y4cMmnUz5USufLDDMEFYtIPbTYnCkZxQPtLk4XSRFVGk9_Pb7rQo4-Y5BvhWQAVyHtokgQg73TVGJmcTka4hihvwS9xsHUuf6wi-YsAWdaGt8Q52W4HDJIFBH2VX25aypTo_g0hC9DZJ2xqhWBCG/s1417/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1417" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr9kVee58pMVpGlHQO7tzcALtPyuYvILGzh4V1Y4cMmnUz5USufLDDMEFYtIPbTYnCkZxQPtLk4XSRFVGk9_Pb7rQo4-Y5BvhWQAVyHtokgQg73TVGJmcTka4hihvwS9xsHUuf6wi-YsAWdaGt8Q52W4HDJIFBH2VX25aypTo_g0hC9DZJ2xqhWBCG/w555-h331/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" width="555" /></a></div><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">SACRED WORDS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Thermopylae, Greece is the place of the “Hot Gates”. The <i>thermo</i> or “Hot” part of the word’s construction is due to the presence of hot sulphur springs at the location and the <i>pylae</i> or “Gates” part derives from the fact that there were three places in Thermopylae where the surrounding mountains jutted outwards in spurs terminating close to the coastline leaving just a small gap or “gate” for passage. Where Thermopylae was concerned the actions of selfless sacrifice were preceded by a tenacious resistance – from the Latin <i>resistere</i>, to “hold back” – for a greater ideal, it was about saying about saying <i>óchi,</i> “<i>no, never</i>” to protect that sacred landscape. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">In modern Greek usage <i>óchi</i> (<i>óχι</i>) is a noun meaning “<i>no”</i>, but with an emphasis attached. It is derived in turn from Byzantine or Koine Greek <i>ókhi</i> (<i>ŏχι</i>), which in turn derives from the ancient Epic or Homeric Ionic Greek negative òvkí (no, never), whose alphabet and dialect had become dominant by the time of Herodotus’ histories of the Greek-Persian Wars. It is <i>óchi</i> but also <i>sisu</i> or <i>samud</i> that link the Thermopylae memorials.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Cambria; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDnNNPSwLb6G1BTyy-kZX43vAEgCdZlTA5NkJpLEoHxgVjI_zJNOYdiYYSAwhjGsDEUXM04fofKGs4SNzvLhu1Yg9XNBTGOcex0NnqB9oWmvj10PtJVaC4WFJnv4IWbyECCKtXP_S9xq5_dK7zFl3rPjlsTnBr5cOsAufaheHWcxw7e7XeFq2JKOeq/s1181/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%203.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="1181" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDnNNPSwLb6G1BTyy-kZX43vAEgCdZlTA5NkJpLEoHxgVjI_zJNOYdiYYSAwhjGsDEUXM04fofKGs4SNzvLhu1Yg9XNBTGOcex0NnqB9oWmvj10PtJVaC4WFJnv4IWbyECCKtXP_S9xq5_dK7zFl3rPjlsTnBr5cOsAufaheHWcxw7e7XeFq2JKOeq/w506-h321/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%203.jpg" width="506" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Sisu </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">is a Finnish word, describing a deeply valued national and individual characteristic of stoic and resolute resistance, of bravery, of independence, of extraordinary tenacity, of endurance in the face of overwhelming odds, where success is unlikely, and where martyrdom is a likely outcome. The word is derived from <i>sisus,</i> a Finnish word for the interior (of a body cavity) or the intestine and thus similar although not so grimly adhered to as ‘guts’ in the English language. <i>Sisu</i>’s adoption as an internationally understood description of a Finnish national characteristic began with the no-quarter resistance offered up to the Second World War November 1939 invasion by the Russians and which continued into the Cold War that followed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Samud</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> is an Arabic word, very similar in meaning to <i>Sisu</i>. Symbolised by the olive tree groves, and the volunteer Union of Palestinian Medical Relief committees established in the camps in the 1980s, the word means “steadfast perseverance”, and “staying put despite continuous assault” and has been adopted as a Palestinian cultural value, a national characteristic that epitomises a resistance to an Israeli ignorance of international law – and a selective loss of their own Jewish memory of ghettos – and the purloining of their land and liberties.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">As an aside<i> óchi, sisu</i> and <i>samud</i> are words that at equally could be applied to the present-day fatalistic but determined Ukrainian resistance to yet another Russian invasion. The greatest example – at least most public – of this tenacity, perhaps, was the response of a Ukrainian Border Guardsman, on the small bare rock that is Snake Island in the Black Sea, when the Russian Warship Moscova (subsequently sunk by land-based Neptune missiles after a diversionary preliminary radar jamming drone assault on the ship) demanded the garrison of 13 men on the island surrender. The response of one guardsman holding his finger up and replying “<i>Russian warship, go fuck yourself</i>” became the world recognised anthem of Ukrainian resistance to the eponymous ambitions of Vladimir Putin. As a consequence Snake Island has become a Ukrainian “sacred landscape”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigoeiF2qXnL6PN1v0NbNgz0hlTZitfH_Ggn5WfZG3YxjbyfdEFPIAAU3EsAfSS3hOsK1vYZ0f57ruC83_HRsej4xVkctQULfwq7x-5CsXX_LzvGHvt4SicLYXSDY1VpsfT-Mg4Cajx0Li4VdkKSMcQJriaclcB3ywnpzaYBq7VvjqZLgFXscHNQlAd/s945/UKRAINIAN%20STAMP%202022%20SNAKE%20ISLAND.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="945" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigoeiF2qXnL6PN1v0NbNgz0hlTZitfH_Ggn5WfZG3YxjbyfdEFPIAAU3EsAfSS3hOsK1vYZ0f57ruC83_HRsej4xVkctQULfwq7x-5CsXX_LzvGHvt4SicLYXSDY1VpsfT-Mg4Cajx0Li4VdkKSMcQJriaclcB3ywnpzaYBq7VvjqZLgFXscHNQlAd/w397-h293/UKRAINIAN%20STAMP%202022%20SNAKE%20ISLAND.jpg" width="397" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ukrainian stamp issued after a competition to commemorate Snake Island resistance.</div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">On the morning of the day I visited Thermopylae the UN had reported an estimated total of 4,677 civilians killed since 24 February, including 321 children, in Putin’s “special military operation” in Ukraine. The names grated: Xerxes is Old Iranian for “<i>ruling over men</i>” and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Vladimir is a name, which means “<i>world ruler</i>” in Old Church Slavonic</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. As part of background research for a thesis a number of years ago, in trying to get a better understanding of what drives humans to commit torture, and the gradual development of an International legal and Convention consensus to create a <i>jus cogens</i> outlawing its application, I studied Plato’s, Al-Farabi’s, and Marcus Aurelius’ notions of “philosopher kings”. The ideal and aspiration of exemplar “ruling” might have been, if it had been applied universally over the centuries, a possible brake to the use of torture. Unfortunately that brake, even where an agreed Convention in International law has been agreed, is so fragile even in the most democratic and most accountable of systems. At the upper echelons of avarice, the departure from prohibitive norms of the despots and the truly deranged permits them to play a board game of convenient or contrived umbrage, of “ruling” acquisition, of destruction, of a deliberate ignorance of sacred landscapes, of a wanton lust to exercise power as a paranoid justification for their belief systems. In addition the lack of control induced by a paranoia and enabled by a command-structure acquiescence to the “ruling” delusions results in unbelievable cruelty, torture, and rape being perpetrated by individuals on individual victims allowing a wilful dehumanization of men, women and children and indeed all that we are. These actions, unfortunately, are a recurrent fault line in our human behaviour and the counterbalance – <i>sisu, samud and óchi </i>– resistance and individual sacrifice, comes at enormous cost. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">At a societal level we have tried repeatedly to come to terms with the atrocities of power such as Nazi Germany, the Allied use of hydrogen bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Stalinist Holodomor Ukrainian famine, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, Apartheid South Africa, the Hutu macheting of Tutsi Rwanda, Putin’s Russian “cleansing” operations in Chechnya and Ukraine, to name but a few in living memory. In trying to turn away from the “futility of war and the waste of mass death” and yet remembering the “glorious dead” we have increasingly tried to replace punitive justice (both extra-judicial and mandated) with the application of restorative justice and truth commission pathways to help better understand what drives us both to destroy and to fight back with equal intensity. These are lessons learnt almost, by definition, too late for the communities directly affected. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">MIRABELLE<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6wooKhnfTGSaATFBJ4eagS_yXUPBEw8YR4y6j5TN5ClRDzNNnpJYsMWbdJB0HdO9gCnKw83dvAtzNzy-gfy45reAKUt1U4bLmnEev1ypq3qhTEh1h-uAIH6EWJyKKKfg-QxV8ZuVFueGrvRc-tkpqS1ytPzfynzLzIVkyXQhIvtHhBAiZ5KQ2RdmX/s911/mirabelle%20syriaca.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="632" height="447" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6wooKhnfTGSaATFBJ4eagS_yXUPBEw8YR4y6j5TN5ClRDzNNnpJYsMWbdJB0HdO9gCnKw83dvAtzNzy-gfy45reAKUt1U4bLmnEev1ypq3qhTEh1h-uAIH6EWJyKKKfg-QxV8ZuVFueGrvRc-tkpqS1ytPzfynzLzIVkyXQhIvtHhBAiZ5KQ2RdmX/w310-h447/mirabelle%20syriaca.jpg" width="310" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">All these thoughts and more occupied my mind that morning. When driving on a long journey, by way of distraction when you cannot tune the car radio properly, or smoke the pipe you had given up about seven years previously, thoughts are random and triggered by departures and destinations. Thoughts of tenacity, and character, and increasingly fatalism dominated. Not good company when driving. I needed coffee… and diesel. Having left Athens at daybreak and taken the multiple tolled E75 highway that takes you through an ancient and sacred landscape that the Spartans would have recognized as Attica, Boetica, Locris, Phocis and Malis I turned off at the small coastal resort of Kamena Vourla to have breakfast and refill the car’s tank. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The town of Kamena Vourla, which is about 167 km from Athens, is a town in the territory that would have been known as Opuntian Locris. The town itself does not have a Homeric or epic history, it did not exist, or at least if it existed it did not register. The main Locrian port was at Kynos/Cynus – modern Livanates 15 km to the south-east – which was the home port for most of the ships that Ajax the Lesser used for transporting the Locrian contingent to Troy. It struck me however that the narrow 200m strip of land on which the main street restaurants, church and fun-fair of Kamena Vourla are situated, between the waters of the Malian Gulf and the escarpment of the Knimis mountains, is most like what I imagine the narrow strip of land at Thermopylae, further up the road, would have been like in 480 BCE, before the coastline of the Malian Gulf silted up and receded over time. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Kamena Vourla is now a slightly distressed town. It primarily established as a resort in the 1930s in the main due to its association with the thermal springs outside the town, which became famed for their therapeutic properties. Unfortunately that “therapeutic” effect was associated with waters that are radioactive with high concentrations of Radon, the breakdown derivative of Uranium. Radon is now understood to be the second biggest causation of lung cancer after smoking. For that reason most of the thermal springs and many of the 1930s hotels and facilities that developed along this coastline, including those serving the sulpher springs at the “hot gates” of nearby Thermopylae have been generally abandoned for their medicinal value although radon sampling in Thermopylae spring’s groundwater is being investigated as a predictor of seismic activity. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">In exploring the town, away from the main street, the sweet cherry-red-coloured fruiting Mirabelle trees or <i>Prunus domestica syriaca</i> found growing wildly in abandoned plots 100m from the Malian shore seem like embers of a past glory. So much so that on my return to Galway I sourced and planted two of the trees (the yellow-fruiting <i>de Nancy</i>variety) in my front garden. You get an overwhelming sense, as you take the old National Route 1 Athinon-Thessalonikis exit towards Thermopylae from the roundabout at the north end of the town, that Kamena Vourla is still trying hard to find its way into the future. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijXNOOr2dM9NGg3Y04tjmoXP-UhcROSVMs-0ucPCUCxtEis0Znwjn72qUwB5TAHJ2MVRR-R22Y-AWHlXyd0flnIOTybCazzze-poIsVzlia0g9yikUxBNtDJvkNPFRyy1GApWKD0jTJluT-sw5-RoRz7X33xmquNbCFc1OP-8jnaBGz7zLlrlrR4VQ/s1732/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%20480BCE%20MAIN.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="1732" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijXNOOr2dM9NGg3Y04tjmoXP-UhcROSVMs-0ucPCUCxtEis0Znwjn72qUwB5TAHJ2MVRR-R22Y-AWHlXyd0flnIOTybCazzze-poIsVzlia0g9yikUxBNtDJvkNPFRyy1GApWKD0jTJluT-sw5-RoRz7X33xmquNbCFc1OP-8jnaBGz7zLlrlrR4VQ/w527-h346/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%20480BCE%20MAIN.jpg" width="527" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">LACONIC MEMORIES<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The National Route 1 runs mostly alongside the E75 for the remainder of its 25 km until they fuse at the Brállos/Bralos Pass junction with the E65. Indeed the modern route of the E75 Crete – Sweden motorway, as it winds its way around the western and north-western shores of the Malian Gulf, almost marks out exactly the coastline of 480 BCE when the Spartans under Leonidas and the other Greek forces established their redoubt behind the rebuilt Phocian defensive wall at Thermopylae. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmvC-pKKPhWXPscAzAqxjScCRrb0_9_1pXJxzg5sxEsCTQuJ44HbyoQ4OC1zGOJBPx1UfJXiY4YvqYyKXUEO2K-P2l1zxVeHyuj__lxQTC-HPauYhn39c_nUgeU5cjgAUAdYeU0mbATtyyCRV1Bq3n-uaG-K5ZJmlLIP4buLedUd9cub0W-n57s9KK/s1181/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmvC-pKKPhWXPscAzAqxjScCRrb0_9_1pXJxzg5sxEsCTQuJ44HbyoQ4OC1zGOJBPx1UfJXiY4YvqYyKXUEO2K-P2l1zxVeHyuj__lxQTC-HPauYhn39c_nUgeU5cjgAUAdYeU0mbATtyyCRV1Bq3n-uaG-K5ZJmlLIP4buLedUd9cub0W-n57s9KK/w485-h323/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" width="485" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Battlefield of Thermopylae</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(The springhare beside ruined buildings on left)</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnD088ZNXocp6qwq6Gqs-Cv6Xg9AqSH_pNjhI39trhx0yxvACWHko9zMXPcJ-XK7f0NEkcYCdXVthoyMgIhJtICOsK2uNQjJwoL0sQLxkVPv2i0ftM14HO52GiaIYX7zR_dJksIiStTb1KZ7pkE7_Tq7WkPGKlUAXPfCvTvZrZLB9WH2pnRK0PSzF/s1181/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnD088ZNXocp6qwq6Gqs-Cv6Xg9AqSH_pNjhI39trhx0yxvACWHko9zMXPcJ-XK7f0NEkcYCdXVthoyMgIhJtICOsK2uNQjJwoL0sQLxkVPv2i0ftM14HO52GiaIYX7zR_dJksIiStTb1KZ7pkE7_Tq7WkPGKlUAXPfCvTvZrZLB9WH2pnRK0PSzF/w481-h320/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%201.jpg" width="481" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Phocian Defensive Hill of Kolonos at East end of battlefield.</div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The military action at Thermopylae, at the head of the Malian Gulf, was always intended by Themistocles, the Athenian general, as a combined land and maritime exercise to thwart the Persian advance in 480BCE by the Allied Greeks. On the maritime front the Persians were engaged by the Greek fleet at Artemisium on the north-east tip of Euboea, where the narrow strait into the Malian Gulf, that would bring the Persians behind the Greek forces, was guarded. The Persians had lost about a third of their fleet of 1200 ships to a storm off Magnesia and then because of the Greek naval deployment blocking the access from the east Xerxes dispatched another 200 ships to circumnavigate Euboea to enter the Malian Gulf from the south to attack the Allied Greeks from behind. These ships were also lost to another storm leaving about 600 Persian ships to engage the much smaller Allied Greek Navy. Following news that the Spartans had been beaten – there was a galley standing off shore of the much closer coastline of then to relay the information – the Greek naval forces, which were heavily outnumbered – they lost 100 of their fleet of 271 ships, – withdrew from Artemisium to Salamis where they regrouped and where they would inflict a decisive defeat on the Persian fleet later in the year. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHGFskQtxDu3hjUrXi2rcW_ypnbJhNLp85bTRswBLwjc9BiX1jAJvegH674OisIH0elRlZhcQVontw8JH0gB37PPOlgtj1YdyCbWkrkCyGH0jqhRZ2E9khuWB7P4aDPAYI8zij2rzjDOSMOK9b0A0OSwsvg9_NuB-TmZFEV_uf0sxuXpmE6Q4yleHA/s1890/THERMOPYLAE%20AND%20MALIAN%20GULF%20480BCE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="1890" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHGFskQtxDu3hjUrXi2rcW_ypnbJhNLp85bTRswBLwjc9BiX1jAJvegH674OisIH0elRlZhcQVontw8JH0gB37PPOlgtj1YdyCbWkrkCyGH0jqhRZ2E9khuWB7P4aDPAYI8zij2rzjDOSMOK9b0A0OSwsvg9_NuB-TmZFEV_uf0sxuXpmE6Q4yleHA/w471-h219/THERMOPYLAE%20AND%20MALIAN%20GULF%20480BCE.jpg" width="471" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzsKboSkPCz7rEWEgK3EiVcYnkk-oXDOKzMqyquXzvSf2P3YWpcKOk6ioja0xu6cWcmdW0Bm1oZZMgv2kkiKAZp0aMlVF05Hn25lgGkar5lVJsdGLedA4W1SLugs-h_5obXiNXXV315RCr9ub1akbTNzAsp7KlsaU2vzxgxZ9RbwyzwFSTTl5nmEX/s1732/THERMOPYLAE%20480%20FROM%20EAST%20TERRAIN.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="999" data-original-width="1732" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLzsKboSkPCz7rEWEgK3EiVcYnkk-oXDOKzMqyquXzvSf2P3YWpcKOk6ioja0xu6cWcmdW0Bm1oZZMgv2kkiKAZp0aMlVF05Hn25lgGkar5lVJsdGLedA4W1SLugs-h_5obXiNXXV315RCr9ub1akbTNzAsp7KlsaU2vzxgxZ9RbwyzwFSTTl5nmEX/w460-h266/THERMOPYLAE%20480%20FROM%20EAST%20TERRAIN.jpg" width="460" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgumgRAdK6vlIUngMyNfllRJ6aqdbw2j_W9QePJQVGhvGCiNeyDuIXtG0EDTTdK5LdghohUWW9XzSMOml2nXeX5WJF58Fdn_0R2eu4HVk6oKl6esInnETgbkEYGDD7BWVC9FZwwfSBBRd4SzFUejhQhVD1NtjUXKYebpKtbNGJcwyQPdw4EUL6Yq8w0/s1181/SPARTAN%20MON%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgumgRAdK6vlIUngMyNfllRJ6aqdbw2j_W9QePJQVGhvGCiNeyDuIXtG0EDTTdK5LdghohUWW9XzSMOml2nXeX5WJF58Fdn_0R2eu4HVk6oKl6esInnETgbkEYGDD7BWVC9FZwwfSBBRd4SzFUejhQhVD1NtjUXKYebpKtbNGJcwyQPdw4EUL6Yq8w0/w313-h470/SPARTAN%20MON%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" width="313" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Today, there are two memorial <i>heroa</i> or monuments to the “glorious dead” on the site. The larger memorial is to Leonidas and the Spartans and is a 2 meter bronze representation of a defiant Spartan warrior, by the sculptor Vasos Falireas, standing above a wall where two reclining statutes represent the land of the Spartans in the form of Mt Taigetos, the mythical mountain that looks down on Laconia and the river Evrotas which flows through it, either side of a <i>metope</i> depicting battle scenes. It was erected in 1955 and paid for by American Greeks. On the marble plinth beneath the statute are inscribed Leonidas’ reply to the Persian Ambassador for the Greeks to lay down their arms: <i>ΜΟΛN ΛΑΒΕ</i>; “<i>Come and get them</i>”. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvJUWE63cQ3kPonVqRTHSVEOVItrds7e20he2XGA7--kBqw7_vJ_SS28PDY4fHIAQGTBfwn3xet-LZMVC8Kz7Fg-iz7RJk2fvFSzhOREUSvPHCANJQqk9iJi6mPLSXE_x6i8IYCEqlpYx69MilDozECGG3ti223kGgzymL-nFEXf7jgTDr-ISiIkdG/s591/KNOSOS%20HILL%20THERMOPYLAE%20EPIGRAM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="591" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvJUWE63cQ3kPonVqRTHSVEOVItrds7e20he2XGA7--kBqw7_vJ_SS28PDY4fHIAQGTBfwn3xet-LZMVC8Kz7Fg-iz7RJk2fvFSzhOREUSvPHCANJQqk9iJi6mPLSXE_x6i8IYCEqlpYx69MilDozECGG3ti223kGgzymL-nFEXf7jgTDr-ISiIkdG/w426-h320/KNOSOS%20HILL%20THERMOPYLAE%20EPIGRAM.jpg" width="426" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The plinth with the Simonides epigram to the Spartans</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">on Kolonos Hill looking at the Thermopylae battlefield</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The Spartan warrior statute is orientated west looking towards the Hill of Kolonos (across the NI roadway) where the Spartans made their last stand and where there is a memorial plaque that has replaced the lost (stolen) stone lion that had the famous epigram by Simonides (d. 466 BCE): “<i>O stranger tell the Lacedaemonians (Spartans) that we lie here, faithful to our laws</i>.” When you stand on the summit of the Hill the Battlefield of Thermopylae reveals itself in front of you. The hot springs at the base of the hill to the left and beyond the Phocian Wall the narrow strip of land between the escarpment and the E75 roadway that in 480 BCE had been rendered even more impassable, more marshy by deliberate flooding with water from the hot springs by the Phocians with just a narrow central causeway left for passage. Still the battle only lasted three days and from a Persian perspective was a minor but irritating part of a combined land and naval action to descend into Attica. Indeed even after the battle the Persians main route of assault was not along the shoreline but over the escarpment via the Bralos Pass, and then down the Kitisos river valley. Before departing, however, and frustrated by the resistance shown at Thermopylae Xerxes had Leonidas’ body decapitated and crucified post-mortem and it was almost 40 years after his burial at Kolonos that his bones were disinterred and reburied in Sparta.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdx5tfDoDiiUtsniKEf5iS5XiA0Q9ROvxoiFXmENXlTSIlrx3tyXjo4PkeTnkoH1reOBwazUV45mzoaI9-Zi9O9s01pvV34eUmZQOYR3zBc_FJ2OeZ4Xl2hyRrOp_nhQeH3Kr88tN5_CgM2DFyjfu7M4xRA-X9ThMkQ-n-sf2f80LhnzkO2k6-pdlU/s1181/THESBIAN%20MON%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdx5tfDoDiiUtsniKEf5iS5XiA0Q9ROvxoiFXmENXlTSIlrx3tyXjo4PkeTnkoH1reOBwazUV45mzoaI9-Zi9O9s01pvV34eUmZQOYR3zBc_FJ2OeZ4Xl2hyRrOp_nhQeH3Kr88tN5_CgM2DFyjfu7M4xRA-X9ThMkQ-n-sf2f80LhnzkO2k6-pdlU/s320/THESBIAN%20MON%202.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1huXa1ZvNoh1S7qwwbtYF90yFnFfULpsMpIanumN-lUYST2VgxVDaL0Qa1-6SfVYn8wvb-70Ns7eloxw5RaKVxTK7tS5p-j9pTqJsH6TWeoLtIOhyB2dbLyr-86MaPGf-26imqlykazbWo_Pale08iQALQUQHmBXYqKA6V9huzxKeQa7LQPKHuuHa/s1327/THESPIAN%20MONUMENT%20THERMOPYLAE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1327" data-original-width="787" height="561" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1huXa1ZvNoh1S7qwwbtYF90yFnFfULpsMpIanumN-lUYST2VgxVDaL0Qa1-6SfVYn8wvb-70Ns7eloxw5RaKVxTK7tS5p-j9pTqJsH6TWeoLtIOhyB2dbLyr-86MaPGf-26imqlykazbWo_Pale08iQALQUQHmBXYqKA6V9huzxKeQa7LQPKHuuHa/w333-h561/THESPIAN%20MONUMENT%20THERMOPYLAE.jpg" width="333" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The broken and proud wings of the headless Thesbian monument, Thermopylae</div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The second heroön, a little to the north-west of the Spartans, is more modest and is dedicated to the 700 or so Thespians, the only other Greek hoplites who remained to fight and die alongside the Spartans at Thermopylae. I found this particular heroön more moving in its ambition and simplicity. It has a bronze statute with a representation of a puffed chest, headless winged Eros, whom the Thespians venerated. The headless representation is to define the anonymity of the Thespians who sacrificed their lives. The two wings are interesting. One is open symbolizing victory and glory. The other is “broken” and represents the voluntary sacrifice of the hoplites. The city of Thespiae in Boetica was subsequently denounced to Xerxes by the Persian allies and Thesbian rivals Thebes and razed to the ground. The Thespian <i>heroön</i> was erected in 1997 by the Greek Government.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Both <i>heroa</i> are testimony to a heroic and fatalistic resistance, a sisu that perhaps remains a partially misunderstood national characteristic of the laconic Spartans, and certainly that of the Eros loving Thespians, but accepted for Finns and increasingly for Ukrainians in their opposition to an almost archaic Russian hegemony.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHF35R7wu01OIZWFH8vfHY4yAgXP0r-WwvcpLWosAtw2zX_FabEHHJtmzyFbm_P-7ulU9Lz2rELhGxu-t4eK0IX0mJ8Vz6fi8SD9igIZxjN5HMiGYA0MAO5-oJyCl61s-Pvr2nImMmRINezlq7pK2SPbg_4uxP6kDtzxljy8tzqmbWqdTfHeB0wX07/s1102/ATHANASIOS%20DIAKOS.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="1102" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHF35R7wu01OIZWFH8vfHY4yAgXP0r-WwvcpLWosAtw2zX_FabEHHJtmzyFbm_P-7ulU9Lz2rELhGxu-t4eK0IX0mJ8Vz6fi8SD9igIZxjN5HMiGYA0MAO5-oJyCl61s-Pvr2nImMmRINezlq7pK2SPbg_4uxP6kDtzxljy8tzqmbWqdTfHeB0wX07/w475-h249/ATHANASIOS%20DIAKOS.1.jpg" width="475" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The capture of Athanasios Diakos, the "First Martyr"</div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">I SHALL DIE A GREEK<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The third <i>heroön</i> to the glorious dead in the sacred landscape that is Thermopylae is that dedicated to a heroic martyr who died resisting oppression in April 1821, during the early months of the Greek War of Independence. Athanasios Diakos, a former Orthodox deacon, with 48 comrades faced down an Ottoman army at a nearby bridge ( about 2 km on the E65 from Thermopylae) over the Sperchios river at Alamana. Diakos chose to stay and fight against overwhelming odds while the remainder of the Greek troops retreated. Diakos was captured, refused an offer to convert to Islam, saying “<i>I was born a Greek, I shall die a Greek.</i>” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Diakos was executed on the 24<sup>th</sup> April 1821 by impalement, a barbarous and horrendously painful and protracted form of death, more often associated with another Vlad, described at the time as a “demented psychopath”, Vlad III Dracula, Voivode of Wallachia (d.1477). The Ottoman Turks of the Barbary Coast generally dropped their victims onto barbed curved hooks set into the castle or town walls. Depending on angle of drop of victim the hooks could penetrate any point of the body and the time taken to actual death would be determined by the point of penetration. A quick death would have come with a chest penetration. The term “getting someone off the hook” originated from the practice of mercy killing, usually with arrows or cross bow bolts, a dying person impaled on the hooks, out of sight of the executioners. In Diakos’ case it is likely a wooden frame was erected with an embedded hook and he would have been dropped, bound, from a height onto it.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiFHOR1e5oGgBPgSMef18_XYAGYAa2dE0wPxSipPHevHAjvUJyAiweKfkYcmXS1vUTFXwfJSKn0AcMRhw_o4KD7-QrelD_0cBTygw7aPYvYowXRZWMDCDHWmNPjtDG2_XtxsuhZlHSiALM-ZOKspEUktXbcY86Ojq0kBWqLDlmf-vJl6BxB0XNKjdS/s945/ATHANASIOS%20DIAKOS.2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="945" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiFHOR1e5oGgBPgSMef18_XYAGYAa2dE0wPxSipPHevHAjvUJyAiweKfkYcmXS1vUTFXwfJSKn0AcMRhw_o4KD7-QrelD_0cBTygw7aPYvYowXRZWMDCDHWmNPjtDG2_XtxsuhZlHSiALM-ZOKspEUktXbcY86Ojq0kBWqLDlmf-vJl6BxB0XNKjdS/w447-h282/ATHANASIOS%20DIAKOS.2.jpg" width="447" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The monument to Athanasios Diakos,</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Thermopylae</div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Known as the “First Martyr” in Greece, the <i>sisu</i> of Athanasios Diakos has been commemorated by many statutes and streets throughout the country and he is considered a national hero. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDWx0pIhRVaqu-STD2TIy2SKbSdR7pduV0LdWxiR8WDfzY0g1-JOstkO872hakPekgLfDCgoZzCGFXQPGU9gEmPgFZPn7jluMGwfjsgc9nKRdJlwaDDTm4uroeXIHFnPqwImn-xfInxEGB4UVgjyzcuJ6NMF51N1HLDWLW6FFjla4rdvCsiwpOBuE/s945/BRALLOS%20AUST%20MONUMENT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="676" data-original-width="945" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieDWx0pIhRVaqu-STD2TIy2SKbSdR7pduV0LdWxiR8WDfzY0g1-JOstkO872hakPekgLfDCgoZzCGFXQPGU9gEmPgFZPn7jluMGwfjsgc9nKRdJlwaDDTm4uroeXIHFnPqwImn-xfInxEGB4UVgjyzcuJ6NMF51N1HLDWLW6FFjla4rdvCsiwpOBuE/w435-h311/BRALLOS%20AUST%20MONUMENT.jpg" width="435" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Plaque memorial on old Brállos-Lamia road, Thermopylae to dead and wounded</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">of 2/2 Field Regiment who held the line in April 1941.</div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">LARRIKINS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">“<i>Today, being a larrikin has positive connotations and we think of it as the key to unlocking the Australian identity”</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Publisher’s Note: 2012 Melissa Bellanta, <i>Larrikins: A History</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Probably the Thermopylae battle that is perhaps least remembered is that which took place over 3 days in April 1941 when Allied ANZAC forces attempted to hold up a rapid German advance, long enough to allow the Allied Expeditionary force to evacuate from Greece to Crete. The fourth memorial <i>heroön</i> in the Thermopylae landscape is to one facet of this rear-guard action and it is on the escarpment above and to the south of the Asopos River Gorge as it enters the Malian Plain at Thermopylae.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">About 2km to the north west of the Thermopylae battlefield the National Route 1 joins the NR 3 at the Brállos/Bralos E75/E65 junction. Dropping under the motorway you ascend the EO Livadias Lamias highway as far as the Weather Station half-way up the pass. Here there is a small slip road to the right that lets you join the old Bralos-Lamia road that winds its way downwards to join the Malian Plain at the exit from the Trachinian Cliffs of the Asopos River. After a series of hairpin turns there is a clearing at the north side of the road that allows you to park easily. Getting out of the car you are able to look out over the flat Malian plain towards Lamia and the Sperchios river, the flat plain that all conquering and revenging armies had to cross. The air the day I was there was hot, dust laden and hazy and the landmarks such as the Malian Gulf coastline to the east were ill defined. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">On a square plinth in the centre of the clearing was a memorial plaque to the dead and injured soldiers of the 2/2 Field (Artillery) Regiment of the Royal Australia Army from a rear-guard action that took place on the 21<sup>st</sup> and 22<sup>nd</sup> April 1941. The 2/2 Field Regiment was formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1939. Initially part of the support for 17<sup>th</sup> Brigade the regiment subsequently supported the ANZAC 19<sup>th</sup> Brigade at the defence of the Brallos Pass as part of a rear-guard action protecting the withdrawal of Allied troops of the short-lived Greek Expeditionary or “W” Force in the face of overwhelming German advances.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIXXyv4NrJLuNIi0boMtAjdz_i__-nHRS7AK8LHrW_x_3G5nm7eR9GzmMWqGOfr2JmSUr9fHn-ZfR29pEJxTTEotABRDb2YeHJBOcNKDiIMKCTOzqN72vxZC4pqpTVXcEZ4KVGgDFhpYE9c-GeCtBVTrM4jiuBFcaHK2BarbHUaFzD8TQXXJb4X_E-/s787/INVASION%20GREECE%2009041941.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="787" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIXXyv4NrJLuNIi0boMtAjdz_i__-nHRS7AK8LHrW_x_3G5nm7eR9GzmMWqGOfr2JmSUr9fHn-ZfR29pEJxTTEotABRDb2YeHJBOcNKDiIMKCTOzqN72vxZC4pqpTVXcEZ4KVGgDFhpYE9c-GeCtBVTrM4jiuBFcaHK2BarbHUaFzD8TQXXJb4X_E-/w416-h413/INVASION%20GREECE%2009041941.jpg" width="416" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Originally Italy had been delegated to attack Greece as part of the Axis Balkan campaigns during WW II. On the 28th October 1940 the Greek prime minister, Ionnis Metaxis allegedly rejected the 3-hour ultimatum of Mussolini’s ambassador to surrender Greece to Italy with the laconic answer, “</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Óchi!” </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">or<i> “No”,</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> an answer that is celebrated as a national holiday in Greece as “</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Óchi</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> day” on the 28<sup>th</sup> October every year. In truth Metaxis’ answer was “<i>Alors, c’est la guerre</i>!” in the language of diplomacy. Metaxis, a former general, was a monarchist dictator who on gaining power had decommissioned all high-ranking and experienced officers with Republican sympathies from the Greek army. The ability to plan and supply an army in the field effectively was entirely missing. As a consequence when confronted by the German invasion in April 1941 – following the failure of the Italians to make any progress by January 1941 - the Greek army command capitulated with ease exposing the Expeditionary 62,000 troops of W force and forcing the decision to evacuate after only a month at most in Greece. Thanks to the rear-guard actions of British and ANZAC troops, whom the Observer newspaper on the 27<sup>th</sup> April 1941 described as “<i>displaying almost reckless bravery against the Germans, and are sacrificing their lives to ensure the withdrawal of their comrades</i>”, the majority of “W” force were evacuated to Crete.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">As a characteristic of the Brállos/Thermopylae action the tenacity of the arch typical Australian larrikin came to the fore. Brigadier George Vasey, commander of 19<sup>th</sup> Brigade at Brállos, who were tasked with holding back the Germans crossing towards Thermopylae from Lamia on the morning of 23<sup>rd</sup> April, said with absolute larrakin defiance, “<i>Here we bloody well are, and here we bloody well stay</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLotntkOT4W8cbDXqmN3JH9MTtWG-90T2CXW-J3ZPDhIwRv4vx1GqM8q3Exb7QsxRUEmPgUlLd_wDyz-5TzTbELfM06MLvrNlMaAFi4HedqeVy2EcwW2bAu4Z9LUUl1NwgzRtZJIyOqJKyyE7XYfrLeLe1vMFjMtVsEJPgQsV6Bol6xpfayWc2elja/s2165/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%2024%20APRIL%201941.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1045" data-original-width="2165" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLotntkOT4W8cbDXqmN3JH9MTtWG-90T2CXW-J3ZPDhIwRv4vx1GqM8q3Exb7QsxRUEmPgUlLd_wDyz-5TzTbELfM06MLvrNlMaAFi4HedqeVy2EcwW2bAu4Z9LUUl1NwgzRtZJIyOqJKyyE7XYfrLeLe1vMFjMtVsEJPgQsV6Bol6xpfayWc2elja/w547-h263/BATTLE%20THERMOPYLAE%2024%20APRIL%201941.jpg" width="547" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Thermopylae/Brállos Battles april 1941</div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Vasey’s 19<sup>th</sup> Brigade were part of the combined 62,000 strong British, Australian, New Zealand, Palestinian Pioneers and Cypriot Expeditionary Force that began arriving in Greece on the 2<sup>nd</sup> March 1941. Winston Churchill wanted a force to be placed in Greece to create a Balkan Front to thwart the Germans then massing in Romania and convinced the Greeks to allow their deployment. The Australian and New Zealand commanders were suspicious of Churchill’s grand strategic plans, given he was the First Lord of the Admiralty whose decision it was to land ANZACs on the killing-fields of Gallipoli in WWI. They took some persuading but in the end agreed to send their troops. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">In response the Germans accelerated their plans and began their invasion of Greece at dawn on the 6<sup>th</sup> April 1941 via Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. In true blitzkrieg fashion combining air, mobile artillery and infantry they soon overran Northern Greece. It took them just 3 days to reach Thessaloniki and take 60,000 Greek soldiers captive. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6UyrIsGGuw4y3LemauyPsXaPH4QSxlcdHdCMjk-WcFs0mKQVWpmBSAzPfwAUsuVqWnpWSnUPy06Ry8VYrSIi535msY6TD5nnCizCTJjuYqhMzICBIkMcTzSc8pf6YF1le18yMBgu78UGlw3N4nCBSoWQmdiYZQ3Ts1e9dTn920AXE2iYUGU-EXHOq/s787/AUSTRALIAN%20FIELD%20REG%20GUN.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="787" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6UyrIsGGuw4y3LemauyPsXaPH4QSxlcdHdCMjk-WcFs0mKQVWpmBSAzPfwAUsuVqWnpWSnUPy06Ry8VYrSIi535msY6TD5nnCizCTJjuYqhMzICBIkMcTzSc8pf6YF1le18yMBgu78UGlw3N4nCBSoWQmdiYZQ3Ts1e9dTn920AXE2iYUGU-EXHOq/w416-h314/AUSTRALIAN%20FIELD%20REG%20GUN.jpg" width="416" /></a></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">It soon became apparent to Wilson, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, that they needed to evacuate from Greece and following an order to do so by General Wavell, the commander of British forces in the Middle East, Wilson began a retreat of his forces in a series of leapfrogging moves. On the 16<sup>th</sup> April in order for the majority of troops to reach the evacuation ships he ordered a rearguard “last stand” action to be established by the New Zealanders at Thermopylae and Australians at Brállos, the “gateways” to Athens. The Germans attacked these positions on the 24<sup>th</sup> April, meeting fierce and devastating resistance from the forward Australian artillery in particular. On the first day 15 Panzers were destroyed and the whole German advance halted.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">The Australian 2/2 Field Artillery Regiment (2/2 FAR) were raised in Victoria in October 1939. They were assigned in support to the Australian 19<sup>th</sup> Brigade, which with the New Zealanders had established the Thermopylae line by the morning of the 19<sup>th</sup> April. The road from Lamia at that stage was backed up for 10 Km with retreating troops but already the attacks with Stukka dive-bombers had begun. On the 21st April the 2/2 FAR were part of the retreating column climbing up the Brállos Pass. They had seen action 6 days earlier defending the Pineios Gorge.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">During the retreat the Australian Artillery commander Brigadier Herring ordered two of 2/2 FAR’s 25-pounder guns to be pulled out from the column and under the command of a Lieutenant Anderson, to establish a forward ( and very isolated) gun position on a ledge at a narrow bend in the road that would cover the crossing of the Sperkhios River below. They were ordered to delay the German advance as long as possible to allow the other members of the Australia 6<sup>th</sup> Division escape/retreat. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2gJrZAzCy8J6enm6oScnxhZOOyp9blZPFRRi34HHqpED3q45I2mGrsoDWGFK2swtUwgFDk2HUMKO8Ddz6giOxonf9uhXAdhw312IN0teCksU_C9QvuWCVfhowh_YNvGisRZttAI98dDYtZU-lsjWvL8XLaYkoaQFVlIUNJKlTGReQxUUIQh8561RE/s1417/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1417" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2gJrZAzCy8J6enm6oScnxhZOOyp9blZPFRRi34HHqpED3q45I2mGrsoDWGFK2swtUwgFDk2HUMKO8Ddz6giOxonf9uhXAdhw312IN0teCksU_C9QvuWCVfhowh_YNvGisRZttAI98dDYtZU-lsjWvL8XLaYkoaQFVlIUNJKlTGReQxUUIQh8561RE/w582-h348/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%202.jpg" width="582" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5PxsrVeZG3-Uw8633IRxczvDwI989GdQVSU0JoQ27utfrvyNdkFo1L3QH3R3j4sj5qdQo6SAkVum-lhW2Db2ysadNPG9WPPLrEwyU_MkOKCZhgHbxueMUI4Kes4xEGOp-Wvz0aifBu-70ctM0v8pdyokOQQRlIU4fzJbncZe-9XU9FgIwRJ2ZQcr_/s1181/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%203.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="1181" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5PxsrVeZG3-Uw8633IRxczvDwI989GdQVSU0JoQ27utfrvyNdkFo1L3QH3R3j4sj5qdQo6SAkVum-lhW2Db2ysadNPG9WPPLrEwyU_MkOKCZhgHbxueMUI4Kes4xEGOp-Wvz0aifBu-70ctM0v8pdyokOQQRlIU4fzJbncZe-9XU9FgIwRJ2ZQcr_/s320/BRALLOS%20THERMOPYLAE%203.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Lieutenant Anderson and his squad engaged the German advance continuously for about 8 hours on the 22<sup>nd</sup> April. One gun was disabled by 1pm in the day and later in the evening the German artillery pounded their position killing 6 men and wounding 3 others, one fatally. Anderson evacuated his remaining men to the other 2/2 positions further up the Brállos pass but after dark returned with a Gunner Brown – a tram conductor in civilian life – to remove the striker mechanism of the guns and recover the dead soldiers discs and pay books. Anderson was to receive the Military Cross for his bravery. The 2/2 Field Regiment were eventually evacuated by a temporary made and then destroyed track on the evening of the 24<sup>th</sup> April. On the same day at Thermopylae New Zealand gunners destroyed 15 German tanks and damaged many more. Later that evening they destroyed their guns and evacuated to the south.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJrNiWvkwPVTHhQVdQ0yEOKWuSWc8sB5SMdr6vLF2vaPDPLbqJofTcW5Io-ovuiSsC1xT93ib-fpt4UfXUKXE1lzNAByCY6flDkMXfYnPOTqCDDQb4p7PYa6mhwCe4Gw6t3U4knewBckN-DMYytduN6CU0E_ajr-_K_toz0ogJZlYS01Vs-U9qbGdV/s1181/OLD%20ASOPOS%20RIVER%20GORGE%20BRIDGE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJrNiWvkwPVTHhQVdQ0yEOKWuSWc8sB5SMdr6vLF2vaPDPLbqJofTcW5Io-ovuiSsC1xT93ib-fpt4UfXUKXE1lzNAByCY6flDkMXfYnPOTqCDDQb4p7PYa6mhwCe4Gw6t3U4knewBckN-DMYytduN6CU0E_ajr-_K_toz0ogJZlYS01Vs-U9qbGdV/w479-h319/OLD%20ASOPOS%20RIVER%20GORGE%20BRIDGE.jpg" width="479" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;">Old Asopos River Gorge Bridge </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgcfURcCgj3JYO7nJFw_3adphDIrQ0TnfoctNAAXp9nq2cJ4baK0HRp_rkjRfE6VnxbHrMueIj_65SzdLNcne_c8Dk_6d2pZVgqwF8jKrmPNyVKOjtCwc6J5FVXBhmFcvXDN0xBaAWf_bjyH05Pd6H8rtN8h2Sw_dPLpmSHmioA5Xq8IZr6aknrWGf/s1181/BRALLOS%20PASS%20ROAD.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgcfURcCgj3JYO7nJFw_3adphDIrQ0TnfoctNAAXp9nq2cJ4baK0HRp_rkjRfE6VnxbHrMueIj_65SzdLNcne_c8Dk_6d2pZVgqwF8jKrmPNyVKOjtCwc6J5FVXBhmFcvXDN0xBaAWf_bjyH05Pd6H8rtN8h2Sw_dPLpmSHmioA5Xq8IZr6aknrWGf/w571-h380/BRALLOS%20PASS%20ROAD.jpg" width="571" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Looking over the bend in the old Brállos-Lamia road where two guns of 2/2 Field Regiment were positioned towards Thermopylae and the Malian Gulf beyond.</div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">EXITS<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">“We are the Dead. Short days ago<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> Loved and were loved, and now we lie<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> In Flanders fields.”</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">In Flanders Fields</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">John McCrae 1872 -1918<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Canadian Military Surgeon and Poet<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-G3GASWtlQf1Ov6GSbVZdWRiDQHj-dAz-sF4q1ciCHypXVjYMnGg5LMM3T4EG4D7Gut_bLoqzOG9ZVkz-hE7H-_6dgsufnWJzt6st8WYDki9pdUbAAiijynl4KT5KTL72JV7NeDx9h_SdDfyVzXi8XV_ncfkiMUJ_Bwhqx1ZC4p9iwHxaD2vnc7uu/s1363/WWI%20Soldier%20on%20wire.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="1363" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-G3GASWtlQf1Ov6GSbVZdWRiDQHj-dAz-sF4q1ciCHypXVjYMnGg5LMM3T4EG4D7Gut_bLoqzOG9ZVkz-hE7H-_6dgsufnWJzt6st8WYDki9pdUbAAiijynl4KT5KTL72JV7NeDx9h_SdDfyVzXi8XV_ncfkiMUJ_Bwhqx1ZC4p9iwHxaD2vnc7uu/w478-h299/WWI%20Soldier%20on%20wire.jpg" width="478" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Leaving the Australian monument you continue on the old Brállos/Lamia road as it winds its way down the escarpment. It is overgrown in places and the bitumen potholed. You cross the temporary bridge over Asopos River as it exits the Gorge onto the flat, hot Malian plain – the older one with its polyhedral stonework got partly washed away in a torrent – and at the junction you look right towards Thermopylae battlefield and ahead the straight road to Lamia that all invading armies took when proceeding south. Thermopylae is a sacred landscape defined by its geography; the rites of passage through the “3 gates” of that terrain a template for the rites of passage, of initiation in the ancient structural sanctuaries of human construct. As in Flanders the solemnisers of that landscape are not the priests but those few, “the Dead” who “Loved and were loved”, who were prepared to self-sacrifice to resist oppression. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">There are words to describe the actions of the protectors, of the glorious dead, and occasional <i>heroön </i>to remember them by, but to truly understand you must take the road into their sacred landscapes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">REFERENCES:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios_Diakos<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalement<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Bongers A, Torres JL. A bottleneck combat model: an application to the Battle of Thermopylae Oper Res 2021; 21: 2859 -2877<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Kraft JC. Rapp R. et al. The Pass at Thermopylae, Greece. J. Field Archaeology. 1987; 14 (2): 181-198<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Mackay P.A. Procopius’ De Aedificiis and the Topography of Thermopylae. Am J Archaeol. 1963; 67(3): 241 -255<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Michenko O.V. Classification Scheme of Sacred Landscapes. E. J. Geograph 2018; 9(4): 62 -74<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Rop J. The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae. Historia 2019; 68(4): 413-435<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Zarikas V, Anagnostou K.E. et al. Seismic activity and geochemical monitoring of thermal waters in Thermopylae. J. Applied Sci 2016; 16 (3): 113-123<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Second World War Official Histories. Volume II – Greece, Crete, Syria (1<sup>st</sup> Ed.). 1953; Chapter 6: 131 – 159<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Smith A D. The ‘Sacred’ Dimension of Nationalism. J. Int Studies 2000;29(3):791-814 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-85218198356691875932022-07-06T10:30:00.007+01:002022-07-19T09:07:01.549+01:00RIHLA (Journey 74): GREECE – THE MONASTERIES OF METEORA AND MOUNT ATHOS: FAITH AND SEPARATION<p> <span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">Rihla </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">(The Journey) – was the short title of a 14th Century (1355 CE) book written in Fez by the Islamic legal scholar Ibn Jazayy al-Kalbi of Granada who recorded and then transcribed the dictated travelogue of the Tangerian, Ibn Battuta. The book’s full title was <i>A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</i> and somehow the title of Ibn Jazayy's book of Ibn Battuta's travels captures the ethos of many of the city and country journeys I have been lucky to take in past years. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">I do not have a rigid belief system but I do like experiencing and trying to interpret the structural conversations that we as humans from the earliest beginnings have designed and built, both as individuals and communities to have with God and the Gods. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">In many personal journeys, to highlight a few, from the temple complex of Gobekli Tepe </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">near Sanliurfa in Turkey </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">of circa 9000</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">BCE</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(<span style="color: #04ff00;">see: <a href="http://deworde.blogspot.com/2012/04/rihla-journey-28-gobekli-tepe-sanliurfa.html">http://deworde.blogspot.com/2012/04/rihla-journey-28-gobekli-tepe-sanliurfa.html</a>)</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> , to the 320BCE temple complex of Zeus Lykaios in Mt Lykaion, Arcadia, Greece ( </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">see: http://deworde.blogspot.com/2021/02/rihla-journey-70-mt-lykaion-arcadia.html</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">) to the pillar of St Simeon Stylites in 450CE Telanissa, Aleppo, Syria, to the 537</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">CE</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> Haghia Sofia in Istanbul, to the 2001</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">CE</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> Sultan Qaboos mosque in Muscat, Oman all of these constructs directed towards the heavens </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #202124; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">are magnificent in their execution in their ambition of faith.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">This particular Rihla is a pictorial journey, in the main, depicting some specific Eastern Orthodox monastic structural conversations – or praxis with their Logos – in Meteora and Mount Athos, Greece; built to provide shelter, to educate, to withdraw from, to show the path, to illuminate, to impress and to survive the intrusions of Mammon. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">METEORA</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Lj0UI0SPxZMunZuOBXxqi4VK_XKygR8xJTLjS0sRRYuSwf71kRjcVIP4eSdVodZa4_zXGA0N2P2kuEIbcwIPV7TXStZW1frMAEsu22_YqRP9zI62dkWVsbBy_K7dpjDjeNwLDxIPEr2W85dY6diYkiCaN4mJeCLkwv_S0o0W_3TTdMZFACrumU8U/s1102/90.GREECE%202022.METEORA.190.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="1102" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Lj0UI0SPxZMunZuOBXxqi4VK_XKygR8xJTLjS0sRRYuSwf71kRjcVIP4eSdVodZa4_zXGA0N2P2kuEIbcwIPV7TXStZW1frMAEsu22_YqRP9zI62dkWVsbBy_K7dpjDjeNwLDxIPEr2W85dY6diYkiCaN4mJeCLkwv_S0o0W_3TTdMZFACrumU8U/w462-h284/90.GREECE%202022.METEORA.190.jpg" width="462" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Hermits and monks first came to the Meteora – from the Greek for something "hovering in the air" – sandstone pillars in the 8th Century. At one point during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (1530s) there were 13 substantial monasteries and about 20 other small monasteries, hermitages, skites etc. There are six open today, two of which are nuns convents.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmYT4Kv_Qil2RB4E8vh0-Mw6r8849SUv8DzHzEVqZ9svOEI6Eeu6KgAd-vAEPVoOEctuxSOsD7Ic5Kvc0baBpouaH5CjqBEAvYzEY4M7K-63C_9creCTdcafOtH81ScKp4s95bbYfjgAWcxKg0nZ6GDSC1HIGkFOwYC7Xrct-Mfb2-H-AtkHiI-Fq/s1102/91.GREECE%202022.METEORA.191.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmYT4Kv_Qil2RB4E8vh0-Mw6r8849SUv8DzHzEVqZ9svOEI6Eeu6KgAd-vAEPVoOEctuxSOsD7Ic5Kvc0baBpouaH5CjqBEAvYzEY4M7K-63C_9creCTdcafOtH81ScKp4s95bbYfjgAWcxKg0nZ6GDSC1HIGkFOwYC7Xrct-Mfb2-H-AtkHiI-Fq/w444-h296/91.GREECE%202022.METEORA.191.jpg" width="444" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Roussanou nuns convent.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcYTeMd4UwIZbpf5RN9DsKGOK7RrKEyygUrTEmGet4CAYU9kGOoya940CIR31XW5muFJvxlZiK7CTW84Mww6qQDLymQYNVzD2bjV2e07NIZ1Q_pZ5ei6Z7qRSd1m7y51Kl6tlgLBak24jtv0dGvPNilrpoTK2EUIyLt0B_hDETya6C5bYHCPdeODr5/s1244/92.GREECE%202022.METEORA.192.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1244" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcYTeMd4UwIZbpf5RN9DsKGOK7RrKEyygUrTEmGet4CAYU9kGOoya940CIR31XW5muFJvxlZiK7CTW84Mww6qQDLymQYNVzD2bjV2e07NIZ1Q_pZ5ei6Z7qRSd1m7y51Kl6tlgLBak24jtv0dGvPNilrpoTK2EUIyLt0B_hDETya6C5bYHCPdeODr5/w457-h264/92.GREECE%202022.METEORA.192.jpg" width="457" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIzgR9EbzcTC8AreYGCi-29kyAf7Uht0TJYn70qu-KH6iE6v-q9pFZgxvVNazAcsP9-rMpH0n5yRkrZK2Hy9M7EVLady2rzmlm-Cur-gEoZ4aosfGgxVXiW4LBnqA18iFdmlWONWgCVryDU32wy_j74-LxqlZwh1ymCm7Q1UnA84Ejabq_0vngc0si/s1102/93.GREECE%202022.METEORA.193.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjxFi6JCPSGpvmiMacImgtuUhe06JAiJUBy75N1fjYlw0l0PpGQGeOt_S36uyxhL6PIh7gBlze7foESD3d0xgoZXFv_kXlsRmdhfVeR_IKkIeDOnDa84LPlsv9Bwbu5vrJ2VPf_4JDR3yt03NogFNEa5wk9boWCXjZxRgnCZTqRE0rKB2l20xMbZQh/s945/102.GREECE%202022.METEORA.862.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="709" data-original-width="945" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjxFi6JCPSGpvmiMacImgtuUhe06JAiJUBy75N1fjYlw0l0PpGQGeOt_S36uyxhL6PIh7gBlze7foESD3d0xgoZXFv_kXlsRmdhfVeR_IKkIeDOnDa84LPlsv9Bwbu5vrJ2VPf_4JDR3yt03NogFNEa5wk9boWCXjZxRgnCZTqRE0rKB2l20xMbZQh/s320/102.GREECE%202022.METEORA.862.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYkB6w_cOCuVx2sDkblJE_4y4RevECH5jtIjxw7u3lKfCOfh_SG07DN0UtiJctAR_hKSm3svb3mPUe9jHkwyD0gNHGhlIcqszf3IR_f7Tus6v9cQIi3MupnbaTevI05szqf6eWEuxmlhFgANEVDbb4b-jiR9XmrNHfcMbkhiSQ9dgvqdrexlaHS6oP/s1260/103.GREECE%202022.METEORA.870.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSipRztx2JMGPEfq5ldPYGY8elPkXs-i4UEhAkipNM3RFj38zQps6Qcx3iyidObWzhj5Zj1vxByMxClQJFp2qTWRP8JCzITCCfEjBzCSZr1Bi-EJKAkzKJx1Q9PxKofAFLslqzNlzsmw0oOX799xI2T46cre1LAowFOM6hzmhuMB8EP8sSx7fP2xFz/s1102/105.GREECE%202022.METEORA.872.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="1102" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSipRztx2JMGPEfq5ldPYGY8elPkXs-i4UEhAkipNM3RFj38zQps6Qcx3iyidObWzhj5Zj1vxByMxClQJFp2qTWRP8JCzITCCfEjBzCSZr1Bi-EJKAkzKJx1Q9PxKofAFLslqzNlzsmw0oOX799xI2T46cre1LAowFOM6hzmhuMB8EP8sSx7fP2xFz/s320/105.GREECE%202022.METEORA.872.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimm1PDgUXaH0f8PlorpnscYPLfYxZkZ2gs3xeVy_cxYXCu78783lM31TgRkCC07zld5xD_2UAcPoNi2tV5WxbNKtAmyUVUSL1SyyUQfi2jcPBYRf2EejbgMx_dAdkUS-RHCdmU6kZIP8fAPrwpXkjZCofWvjzepILl8Ikxqwo8rXjvlk3B8Qiy9jf-/s1102/106.GREECE%202022.METEORA.880.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="1102" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimm1PDgUXaH0f8PlorpnscYPLfYxZkZ2gs3xeVy_cxYXCu78783lM31TgRkCC07zld5xD_2UAcPoNi2tV5WxbNKtAmyUVUSL1SyyUQfi2jcPBYRf2EejbgMx_dAdkUS-RHCdmU6kZIP8fAPrwpXkjZCofWvjzepILl8Ikxqwo8rXjvlk3B8Qiy9jf-/w444-h333/106.GREECE%202022.METEORA.880.jpg" width="444" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA1u8ttnGlmHij0WOq90IL1toqSucjw2R3HGoGAb3k0p3yOZMLGEJE1Sidcr-d2c_OUldGlodAwbq2BYtX2oR5b5V-juoFQKkzJy9lwmiCzn6H91ZGUawbE72pL03S7pC-zrPracLeBp68AVfSMLxMnRc47Jx--sIma3aOZPr3K2RJ76TUQQp2BhDc/s1102/110.GREECE%202022.METEORA.210.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="735" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA1u8ttnGlmHij0WOq90IL1toqSucjw2R3HGoGAb3k0p3yOZMLGEJE1Sidcr-d2c_OUldGlodAwbq2BYtX2oR5b5V-juoFQKkzJy9lwmiCzn6H91ZGUawbE72pL03S7pC-zrPracLeBp68AVfSMLxMnRc47Jx--sIma3aOZPr3K2RJ76TUQQp2BhDc/s320/110.GREECE%202022.METEORA.210.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7-gGniTmL259vea9CkvZ7VX36fcF8D8JJF3oV-JrrntDWsjlJg_762XC7YNou-ixs_DBiP1cPxvKzZI5qK7393-mRedbB5uIofQW9za2B06vsf76VFYGyNne6KTPDiPwTzz2B8ruKtp4WIDr_zTYqbX8RlksKVZCkSFbv9-QbxuwNoAMGKiIQ00On/s1102/111.GREECE%202022.METEORA.211.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7-gGniTmL259vea9CkvZ7VX36fcF8D8JJF3oV-JrrntDWsjlJg_762XC7YNou-ixs_DBiP1cPxvKzZI5qK7393-mRedbB5uIofQW9za2B06vsf76VFYGyNne6KTPDiPwTzz2B8ruKtp4WIDr_zTYqbX8RlksKVZCkSFbv9-QbxuwNoAMGKiIQ00On/w476-h317/111.GREECE%202022.METEORA.211.jpg" width="476" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JPyqceey3EEudbDUW0-D74ci9JuGula0Z7JFjt-3Ab6Q0uvARKdqO0ca-NIaTdsgGNo3Bm0eAWAnW8m5LnJkY8AFD7bws1Q1RfBM6kZz4ZxdMGQgjByubL0Et-n_bj0ImH_2gjfcP9YdBa584Jnsr-7tc2OeW_zrLpCJwjFnymxEj4NtENQIphsl/s787/112.GREECE%202022.METEORA.212.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="525" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JPyqceey3EEudbDUW0-D74ci9JuGula0Z7JFjt-3Ab6Q0uvARKdqO0ca-NIaTdsgGNo3Bm0eAWAnW8m5LnJkY8AFD7bws1Q1RfBM6kZz4ZxdMGQgjByubL0Et-n_bj0ImH_2gjfcP9YdBa584Jnsr-7tc2OeW_zrLpCJwjFnymxEj4NtENQIphsl/s320/112.GREECE%202022.METEORA.212.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWPMKBl9Kkq1SK_tU_piIEh3mizaPj9k1OnCj6zdNEFG1hZEgrx6VzI-H2PhzkUdP2h0A8X1YaSp23ZO7EzseQrsT2wQAvO3m04E25kuHdylRu9CKNMrl-Sh9oNdKUm1GaMB2IIPUI0A98B577UuFMVk4-ScIY804NwGrVw0eTXu1MNLA_obPETnvi/s1102/113.GREECE%202022.METEORA.213.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWPMKBl9Kkq1SK_tU_piIEh3mizaPj9k1OnCj6zdNEFG1hZEgrx6VzI-H2PhzkUdP2h0A8X1YaSp23ZO7EzseQrsT2wQAvO3m04E25kuHdylRu9CKNMrl-Sh9oNdKUm1GaMB2IIPUI0A98B577UuFMVk4-ScIY804NwGrVw0eTXu1MNLA_obPETnvi/w471-h314/113.GREECE%202022.METEORA.213.jpg" width="471" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Great Metereon, Varlaam and Roussanou Monasteries </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHIdeTDDsNU94inJZ0OmMfO18Jtl-1KuYRYJZH7E-JTvwhplvScVfwxyCHu2HzMJSeaA9y0oUCQUJ7-4Cv-1NTTU0bsJ-vh-AzIPlZlseWpIRjTKX71a1E5jcWGS9oDJp0WicgVzJCuWWaMGIzFuLSOuT1qAscxFfVoLdcpMe7vi8LnbCXRHEzYVao/s1102/114.GREECE%202022.METEORA.214.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHIdeTDDsNU94inJZ0OmMfO18Jtl-1KuYRYJZH7E-JTvwhplvScVfwxyCHu2HzMJSeaA9y0oUCQUJ7-4Cv-1NTTU0bsJ-vh-AzIPlZlseWpIRjTKX71a1E5jcWGS9oDJp0WicgVzJCuWWaMGIzFuLSOuT1qAscxFfVoLdcpMe7vi8LnbCXRHEzYVao/s320/114.GREECE%202022.METEORA.214.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">St Nicholaos</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dUBoXtBsOjftnas_-QBV4tGNmNE8neCqOIZpZwZDbfZydXywVmRakQGD9fdAnVMfoWV7zotDXCIIotSKs9WPYe7XhHtFyBjyNATf_gRPRza5X_gfgfxV-RuTATYw0wRtdMSOBaZS6-n0F7hpgnQJQ9xrJlwxyUNDcFjXfUz3a7VVbbMfbBjc7nLm/s1102/115.GREECE%202022.METEORA.215.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dUBoXtBsOjftnas_-QBV4tGNmNE8neCqOIZpZwZDbfZydXywVmRakQGD9fdAnVMfoWV7zotDXCIIotSKs9WPYe7XhHtFyBjyNATf_gRPRza5X_gfgfxV-RuTATYw0wRtdMSOBaZS6-n0F7hpgnQJQ9xrJlwxyUNDcFjXfUz3a7VVbbMfbBjc7nLm/w398-h265/115.GREECE%202022.METEORA.215.jpg" width="398" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The remains of monastery at rear of Doupiani Rock</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidXR0N0lfK2XgungsyKszuJ5ilK0fTH1L-nE25Auiu6Bh9wrh1uhpNEJM4VMvbDDJyfld6vK8PBUYWXReiSEog0ONB3zg_JTCiVTMGuqi5p3bRW7qhLGjDbCOyvb8LSNI9qaDF5S4UyzdLH8uNqyVuJpavM0_HAUqF6b240_P8krnjTKq_f7yQFLqd/s1102/116.GREECE%202022.METEORA.216.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidXR0N0lfK2XgungsyKszuJ5ilK0fTH1L-nE25Auiu6Bh9wrh1uhpNEJM4VMvbDDJyfld6vK8PBUYWXReiSEog0ONB3zg_JTCiVTMGuqi5p3bRW7qhLGjDbCOyvb8LSNI9qaDF5S4UyzdLH8uNqyVuJpavM0_HAUqF6b240_P8krnjTKq_f7yQFLqd/s320/116.GREECE%202022.METEORA.216.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRZ0oCKmWueevIbB2RqObrjvKT2dlRhKbFcnNgXj1dQD0N8CYmpxJyxtcMZ6RV9UWJFu9E1bJsFUstWxYxKYYjYDekbqdB7LLaSR6PryNgGlm9YVTe3oieM2N2KgspfYceHsmXbB0UbTtqxoO4ZokDRCXYe-WnRLhOEqoA-pVzUu8V9se4VqoowY-n/s1260/117.GREECE%202022.METEORA.217.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1260" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRZ0oCKmWueevIbB2RqObrjvKT2dlRhKbFcnNgXj1dQD0N8CYmpxJyxtcMZ6RV9UWJFu9E1bJsFUstWxYxKYYjYDekbqdB7LLaSR6PryNgGlm9YVTe3oieM2N2KgspfYceHsmXbB0UbTtqxoO4ZokDRCXYe-WnRLhOEqoA-pVzUu8V9se4VqoowY-n/w460-h306/117.GREECE%202022.METEORA.217.jpg" width="460" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ypapantis (Monastery of the Purification) 1367</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Very similar to M. A. Ioannis Prodromou in Loussios Ravine near Stemnitsa </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">and ancient Gortis that I have previously been to. </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimXl8rT8Pu-R4oqBY1FYS2qIfDKZqB2Pbp9FroQlVjSQEJd9V7zOd6-1R0ATOmt-zutF-6YIqxAc4lEo7ez0FVn9XYsYFFtn2YFmeR3Oxo-vBPNTvyw-PvnifUt0AycojJrmz-7PY3G2WyXtdROfVWlhBTmXobV9sd90U5XS2PwuSeIvBQjRY6y30P/s1102/118.GREECE%202022.METEORA.218.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="735" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimXl8rT8Pu-R4oqBY1FYS2qIfDKZqB2Pbp9FroQlVjSQEJd9V7zOd6-1R0ATOmt-zutF-6YIqxAc4lEo7ez0FVn9XYsYFFtn2YFmeR3Oxo-vBPNTvyw-PvnifUt0AycojJrmz-7PY3G2WyXtdROfVWlhBTmXobV9sd90U5XS2PwuSeIvBQjRY6y30P/s320/118.GREECE%202022.METEORA.218.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Dupiani Chapel on site of very first monastery in Meteora.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Originally it was the place on Sundays where hermits in smaller monasteries or hermitages would come down from their eyries and gather to pray.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">MOUNT ATHOS</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ebt5RjPLfZBQPkxVEd--q10GlFUMziad7f1WUNgOqBEM9XbvWVV7hqevBzCQfzjJMMBDGYsll2NqSpLxDYUgE8O4SwdGLGZS2Udj68x9OK3R12E6neo3BpbHiXvzUhEIt_f5ItvVyhGurGC2ESYKA0iStGwC7kIgLuV3dTJ_2CIpURECHQoqwTsi/s1575/130.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.930.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1575" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ebt5RjPLfZBQPkxVEd--q10GlFUMziad7f1WUNgOqBEM9XbvWVV7hqevBzCQfzjJMMBDGYsll2NqSpLxDYUgE8O4SwdGLGZS2Udj68x9OK3R12E6neo3BpbHiXvzUhEIt_f5ItvVyhGurGC2ESYKA0iStGwC7kIgLuV3dTJ_2CIpURECHQoqwTsi/w488-h366/130.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.930.jpg" width="488" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qHMJWv8kasYGWOqQ0UA5Ls7W3i54kfSkp1HpXky9P8DZUPSL_0ANhYBkdUHZ3vNyPpn73Z3fsKhb7j8cSZ-B_tPAWZsCN6Mk9JyUz9pTmMLrX5XqdlANqzxNdmvVWgRYB1Uo2HRhlz4uOEpdhLPhkGAMxjaz69vlzK2-ku_cx_Gs5aa8nz9YaXCb/s1181/120.GREECE%202022.OURANOPOLI.900.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1181" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qHMJWv8kasYGWOqQ0UA5Ls7W3i54kfSkp1HpXky9P8DZUPSL_0ANhYBkdUHZ3vNyPpn73Z3fsKhb7j8cSZ-B_tPAWZsCN6Mk9JyUz9pTmMLrX5XqdlANqzxNdmvVWgRYB1Uo2HRhlz4uOEpdhLPhkGAMxjaz69vlzK2-ku_cx_Gs5aa8nz9YaXCb/w400-h249/120.GREECE%202022.OURANOPOLI.900.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCeIV93B-OEPSCA-_AP1X2BMSggOkbDD9w7CEhUbAG8Gv-rTRgftpn0vioEEAXV_dz-2ViJfWcsq1IKZ2Qh7l1IERkDD2f1d_cAhUj-FbfRaF1OI6wDwxLqS7VXpVAuCiqCrY7nPesQS8WP5ebJ_tDMvP3R4bBEyViS6diK78pYkbEi3ElnXTFS1Zs/s1181/121.GREECE%202022.OURANOPOLI.901.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="1181" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCeIV93B-OEPSCA-_AP1X2BMSggOkbDD9w7CEhUbAG8Gv-rTRgftpn0vioEEAXV_dz-2ViJfWcsq1IKZ2Qh7l1IERkDD2f1d_cAhUj-FbfRaF1OI6wDwxLqS7VXpVAuCiqCrY7nPesQS8WP5ebJ_tDMvP3R4bBEyViS6diK78pYkbEi3ElnXTFS1Zs/w412-h255/121.GREECE%202022.OURANOPOLI.901.jpg" width="412" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The ferry from Ouranopoli to Dafni. Had many Orthodox Russian men waving goodby to their girlfriends and wives on the dick who then had to console themselves in the wall to wall jewellery shops that line the two streets of Ouranopoli. </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaPTau46bPPupvkN38swQJdmM-sfdasU3EnOY-kjsYlV7g5DlFWeN3gExQvrqrlVM8KWtvj65wlcnH-FEQcReEoAnZWA3ir5_CPMToxVEvQr1co_6IqvBOkDBQljL4wtPZRV711parZ6bqMRRkx41yH3S8kclSupreuaNnCCkxlO7Oki0LemrH6T7i/s1181/132.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.932.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="1181" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaPTau46bPPupvkN38swQJdmM-sfdasU3EnOY-kjsYlV7g5DlFWeN3gExQvrqrlVM8KWtvj65wlcnH-FEQcReEoAnZWA3ir5_CPMToxVEvQr1co_6IqvBOkDBQljL4wtPZRV711parZ6bqMRRkx41yH3S8kclSupreuaNnCCkxlO7Oki0LemrH6T7i/w453-h218/132.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.932.jpg" width="453" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Mount Athos</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI7voal2AC5oDVcMd5yDave0F-pn52cJ39Rzrn1VNV0uGpaDYuPbNQCFTqWYS5RliTRoCBPbjQhQVCrcwFb8i4mzSP0hkZEPnq3-68axBjO78n-ZFdvi6Aw2Zh2MHs9C1yP3ielPW8IdVuEXX3OZuIDlbuMgKLzjwDS4X8vBxyo8KcTu4PNaBb_zE1/s945/133.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.933.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="945" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI7voal2AC5oDVcMd5yDave0F-pn52cJ39Rzrn1VNV0uGpaDYuPbNQCFTqWYS5RliTRoCBPbjQhQVCrcwFb8i4mzSP0hkZEPnq3-68axBjO78n-ZFdvi6Aw2Zh2MHs9C1yP3ielPW8IdVuEXX3OZuIDlbuMgKLzjwDS4X8vBxyo8KcTu4PNaBb_zE1/s320/133.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.933.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCIj4QuPJYJMe7Tbg1_9UMCG6LLcWwYbSfY-3-_-lF85Vvs_7ZCZmzHt3E0Osn8L9q5msbPEHNIsS6v3Xt1R62lSxaEb3LH1NWTlcfrFWmEJ9PX6Od6wvsTuwm_PGOdOyCIdSPvrdd65zKE6UneyYDUR59B_HOW8brfryiQ_DtewRqXuJpHNTJfMxI/s1102/134.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.934.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCIj4QuPJYJMe7Tbg1_9UMCG6LLcWwYbSfY-3-_-lF85Vvs_7ZCZmzHt3E0Osn8L9q5msbPEHNIsS6v3Xt1R62lSxaEb3LH1NWTlcfrFWmEJ9PX6Od6wvsTuwm_PGOdOyCIdSPvrdd65zKE6UneyYDUR59B_HOW8brfryiQ_DtewRqXuJpHNTJfMxI/w458-h305/134.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.934.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Skiti Nova Tivaida</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKU5zZCZcTyLBPdl0qmh3a8CKQ2XX2yXLEkc9qUOGvnS6gczpF0rZS4wVB5vv68Bkf36BBBzpaoXH_SX2OWKGc3LAibLCmmK70WJGRPALPjVWm00iZInbvPUzTxtlTHgoGmSYQ_CYKAYhjnpw0_dxNSN5iyzjUel7IHEBSWQpwTJpUamQt1rCnlJKT/s945/135.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.935.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="945" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKU5zZCZcTyLBPdl0qmh3a8CKQ2XX2yXLEkc9qUOGvnS6gczpF0rZS4wVB5vv68Bkf36BBBzpaoXH_SX2OWKGc3LAibLCmmK70WJGRPALPjVWm00iZInbvPUzTxtlTHgoGmSYQ_CYKAYhjnpw0_dxNSN5iyzjUel7IHEBSWQpwTJpUamQt1rCnlJKT/s320/135.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.935.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0VKvlJccbeeeUH7ffp9-48y-1RUjz-YqmmE-0d9eC9p-QsKm05UMyeZFCPdDiBc1reoFLU4oCNxA7L1-nT1o_nfXSqPOWYL9rGFDv1NdP_ymTCwFxARz5y3vElAecB92ONADh0pMDb08RdUKrf0vO6-XsC7FTSHkOMIdxERB5ZrpdmIiHa-bbPg5e/s1102/136.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.936.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0VKvlJccbeeeUH7ffp9-48y-1RUjz-YqmmE-0d9eC9p-QsKm05UMyeZFCPdDiBc1reoFLU4oCNxA7L1-nT1o_nfXSqPOWYL9rGFDv1NdP_ymTCwFxARz5y3vElAecB92ONADh0pMDb08RdUKrf0vO6-XsC7FTSHkOMIdxERB5ZrpdmIiHa-bbPg5e/s320/136.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.936.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Anchorage of the Bulgarian Orthodox Holy Zografu Monastery</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qAg4tqxwrSjCHl1uFyw2IRjuwFmGjmTNwG2FKf_vc56MDVVTXOLuMp7HsK9s7GAwB3DxKE6yBXpPFT-0Tn3-9AmXWfhY9qEWgrhvxt87y2CYsX1JTJDcvJWdAaQ5YaeQX3YdKEAdNhFF6uTTWcmnI4X9iIJGdqfZvI_0k41fvn5bkfA_HPMo71m-/s1260/137.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.937.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1260" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qAg4tqxwrSjCHl1uFyw2IRjuwFmGjmTNwG2FKf_vc56MDVVTXOLuMp7HsK9s7GAwB3DxKE6yBXpPFT-0Tn3-9AmXWfhY9qEWgrhvxt87y2CYsX1JTJDcvJWdAaQ5YaeQX3YdKEAdNhFF6uTTWcmnI4X9iIJGdqfZvI_0k41fvn5bkfA_HPMo71m-/w471-h314/137.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.937.jpg" width="471" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX_WuM_IMiVcmQ4O8CJ2hTsCg-ngPW5JzIcTHwvOgTVjzYCzlQWs4re-NPgovyCztti5S8Mc6R7QNV-sHnFTuYbHYYLEV7Cc6_HWP6h9BIG2dtkfwzU5fLTgY3TQY08bu4qMTR_oMrIvtsYuqhX5qRLTksB8UgYPIZ9MgqewuuRuaOkPzg-vf2KSDC/s1181/138.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.938.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX_WuM_IMiVcmQ4O8CJ2hTsCg-ngPW5JzIcTHwvOgTVjzYCzlQWs4re-NPgovyCztti5S8Mc6R7QNV-sHnFTuYbHYYLEV7Cc6_HWP6h9BIG2dtkfwzU5fLTgY3TQY08bu4qMTR_oMrIvtsYuqhX5qRLTksB8UgYPIZ9MgqewuuRuaOkPzg-vf2KSDC/w480-h319/138.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.938.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">M. DOCHEIARIOU</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNYsD3BGIpvoFN0FkJCzQpFGyvjXIg1HAC-fNbvnLICp8C3WqIbnAmK6ztf9zSEQPTp0TBzLWUM8nAXfNdag8tuZHnSz97M1Zd2bWhDQk0Nlzi3ozyvclFT-fRd329i3HWadgJzHPrMwzSVzVrHAf-Z04HCdgzXnylpOD21CU2Mi139sjhiEvegCgS/s945/139.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.939.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="945" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNYsD3BGIpvoFN0FkJCzQpFGyvjXIg1HAC-fNbvnLICp8C3WqIbnAmK6ztf9zSEQPTp0TBzLWUM8nAXfNdag8tuZHnSz97M1Zd2bWhDQk0Nlzi3ozyvclFT-fRd329i3HWadgJzHPrMwzSVzVrHAf-Z04HCdgzXnylpOD21CU2Mi139sjhiEvegCgS/s320/139.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.939.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkd7QG0780ffOkWuioIKGIPGyXDxaaH6vccHvsD8PdFAu68fGl90YdP--IFiKedaAReNuRVYAdWA9q5xjp8jVa7X0bNrrCf8ICg6wi1ss1vxH7ufuH2DQ4WrfCkiwtAlS9Q2WxsQQS60uJsgH_2jxS5jjL4U98zFZU4K3i6KId6bkz2YPH3fKu96Ii/s1102/140.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.940.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkd7QG0780ffOkWuioIKGIPGyXDxaaH6vccHvsD8PdFAu68fGl90YdP--IFiKedaAReNuRVYAdWA9q5xjp8jVa7X0bNrrCf8ICg6wi1ss1vxH7ufuH2DQ4WrfCkiwtAlS9Q2WxsQQS60uJsgH_2jxS5jjL4U98zFZU4K3i6KId6bkz2YPH3fKu96Ii/w451-h300/140.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.940.jpg" width="451" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">M. Xenophontos</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0cAW6QO-v4doB05Fq97bdqSCD89Hei0qYDgNAyrLBoATMWe_a3jt76uIihRgjzKBtacM9LXFw_zkCbL4GKz15s2ZuS6U9EmqrwdgK7rvZ7kKzJRi3unCs7GYt8I82V3U2SXdav5_4bznsdaWthmsxKUzkN603aZzOIby9W0K8rY4OJGy_qeKH_W2/s1102/141.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.941.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0cAW6QO-v4doB05Fq97bdqSCD89Hei0qYDgNAyrLBoATMWe_a3jt76uIihRgjzKBtacM9LXFw_zkCbL4GKz15s2ZuS6U9EmqrwdgK7rvZ7kKzJRi3unCs7GYt8I82V3U2SXdav5_4bznsdaWthmsxKUzkN603aZzOIby9W0K8rY4OJGy_qeKH_W2/w455-h303/141.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.941.jpg" width="455" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72yD6dONREgh5pMrJyxeefaAHkUgesGTpffNfKsW4QaCyvpBhz9v1P5Xuc5FdMPZ0BVd6noLvDZixJL_bj78MFe1j3DlU7FJxMUbLSQQWAoCuFpFSaGThSUVawIGlWafW9MPedpCSm_uecolpz-Wu7S_ICHsgQIF0Wpg_RRF1SabMscjmul9r9mhC/s1102/142.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.942.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="735" height="519" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72yD6dONREgh5pMrJyxeefaAHkUgesGTpffNfKsW4QaCyvpBhz9v1P5Xuc5FdMPZ0BVd6noLvDZixJL_bj78MFe1j3DlU7FJxMUbLSQQWAoCuFpFSaGThSUVawIGlWafW9MPedpCSm_uecolpz-Wu7S_ICHsgQIF0Wpg_RRF1SabMscjmul9r9mhC/w346-h519/142.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.942.jpg" width="346" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7XjS8uEoTmizU50z3LX98X2LC-vX-_ipQRFVQ_7TUh-0a3G-t6RLuj_v7hTQbj0afSvFOCBRhNGspBO4ZJinVHhvXBhsNw2CYHbKbRZ1cGMc5m-GRRvoMtmgOuz6OCgvpfJaxPrRp0ruCE_mMaGSknQDAi263rs1YYeLD0xDPT_w6ooYvI6pxl9_Z/s1102/143.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.943.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7XjS8uEoTmizU50z3LX98X2LC-vX-_ipQRFVQ_7TUh-0a3G-t6RLuj_v7hTQbj0afSvFOCBRhNGspBO4ZJinVHhvXBhsNw2CYHbKbRZ1cGMc5m-GRRvoMtmgOuz6OCgvpfJaxPrRp0ruCE_mMaGSknQDAi263rs1YYeLD0xDPT_w6ooYvI6pxl9_Z/s320/143.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.943.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">M. Ayiou Panteleimonos (Russian Orthodox)</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZlQfJ0xeZbMAm5zVvp02Lv9XqXc7319o8lyrtuQCESEjf5SrjdhlwV5rksXljatvxF6eINQXorM1B2nFtc1Hzulfc7Do2KaD7_xIyKC889lOPcquyxspCtgBLMBlZqmbwQ0x5_osFUPDDRu74r6Via_HAKMKLcvWlNxstZWQl4yXgQ1NykZ6hviZg/s1102/144.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.944.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZlQfJ0xeZbMAm5zVvp02Lv9XqXc7319o8lyrtuQCESEjf5SrjdhlwV5rksXljatvxF6eINQXorM1B2nFtc1Hzulfc7Do2KaD7_xIyKC889lOPcquyxspCtgBLMBlZqmbwQ0x5_osFUPDDRu74r6Via_HAKMKLcvWlNxstZWQl4yXgQ1NykZ6hviZg/w474-h315/144.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.944.jpg" width="474" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqr_P1M0izi49OEpYFRqfcO1FzhlBG9dSQCeokAPLcTLTn8U3Wpl-WjQWCPtqQgd7FKJJKwA94IyZRh97hM4nlnDKPZ6JUisxVA_Yer0lBSkv4PQHV_Jvs3UeeEHm9quU7OGbf5338L6IY7quzbSmavugjKohoYSdcy08Tzzw5QNIsweez2JtVEFeY/s1102/145.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.945.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqr_P1M0izi49OEpYFRqfcO1FzhlBG9dSQCeokAPLcTLTn8U3Wpl-WjQWCPtqQgd7FKJJKwA94IyZRh97hM4nlnDKPZ6JUisxVA_Yer0lBSkv4PQHV_Jvs3UeeEHm9quU7OGbf5338L6IY7quzbSmavugjKohoYSdcy08Tzzw5QNIsweez2JtVEFeY/s320/145.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.945.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The ferry port at "secular" Dafni</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWUDla0Xy6AZmOSYExv-O0wH_9GOxN2L5yMTf56Z3HMFipljdgMf3aVhjfYI0zwhcqgHwEYwHRuI66oGevmYDkQoOI1rd83qY4bnsqaLHGv875gB7kScODfE_xklXRgi8kw8e_UnUtImnDPykYtmiMJIUpt5liYyjEGBqdmj4vMbkJzshXWptTOJXJ/s1102/146.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.946.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWUDla0Xy6AZmOSYExv-O0wH_9GOxN2L5yMTf56Z3HMFipljdgMf3aVhjfYI0zwhcqgHwEYwHRuI66oGevmYDkQoOI1rd83qY4bnsqaLHGv875gB7kScODfE_xklXRgi8kw8e_UnUtImnDPykYtmiMJIUpt5liYyjEGBqdmj4vMbkJzshXWptTOJXJ/s320/146.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.946.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Monastery of Simonpetra with its seaport below. This monastery is the link to the Meteora monasteries as it is populated by monks from the Grand Meteron monastery.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNe-BOD1cQJbSzjOpu_aYBI0opTK2WeP49ZxjlvT8MNxuXyrYjmlLPJZ6Fz_uIDN9EhWw3yuJfRTDX8u9nT_pOxfH289cLEUUub9OKN3Qcsr40codE3UyYVxMw65N7037mnnOHtaJLHAj6gltu5y1zwbQ21g7eTW4oMoiWnlyWbn0aY4sb9ch9DUjl/s1102/147.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.947.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="735" height="529" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNe-BOD1cQJbSzjOpu_aYBI0opTK2WeP49ZxjlvT8MNxuXyrYjmlLPJZ6Fz_uIDN9EhWw3yuJfRTDX8u9nT_pOxfH289cLEUUub9OKN3Qcsr40codE3UyYVxMw65N7037mnnOHtaJLHAj6gltu5y1zwbQ21g7eTW4oMoiWnlyWbn0aY4sb9ch9DUjl/w352-h529/147.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.947.jpg" width="352" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixu2Tavob9g5q5CI7fyHrRpTCi1SSX8y-okFQePGeXst7_uvm4vXs_izFYHcAR1FmPqh6UhNo0lRTagj6r16NDaNfI2AAr0EO2qFOisvzdPGIVZNlICtrD2-2axXzr7GDz4bhunn1S_XgRRXH9TXkcgeknNA16Sboe13YKxGUcUP6Kx7NpktyucoQx/s1102/148.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.948.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixu2Tavob9g5q5CI7fyHrRpTCi1SSX8y-okFQePGeXst7_uvm4vXs_izFYHcAR1FmPqh6UhNo0lRTagj6r16NDaNfI2AAr0EO2qFOisvzdPGIVZNlICtrD2-2axXzr7GDz4bhunn1S_XgRRXH9TXkcgeknNA16Sboe13YKxGUcUP6Kx7NpktyucoQx/w470-h313/148.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.948.jpg" width="470" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">M. Ayiou Dionysiou</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkdIq2zS5LxVlNdPGklHjPsnY8L5Vk8PNJqSQaPjWwmNGiifUb00nT6kAdkOHZZDByxEUEb_D8mlESnwuju-HDQUFE8jSgKuj0rK3TUd1wUPIePtVEUIRHAX5VBrCGGYoqRDKAqI4_4frkKtF9YB7-cCI37oY0mVW8Km6YxID8j6XSPXJT-f9zIfxL/s1260/149.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.949.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="840" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkdIq2zS5LxVlNdPGklHjPsnY8L5Vk8PNJqSQaPjWwmNGiifUb00nT6kAdkOHZZDByxEUEb_D8mlESnwuju-HDQUFE8jSgKuj0rK3TUd1wUPIePtVEUIRHAX5VBrCGGYoqRDKAqI4_4frkKtF9YB7-cCI37oY0mVW8Km6YxID8j6XSPXJT-f9zIfxL/w330-h496/149.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.949.jpg" width="330" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">M. Ayiou Paul on Kalatha gorge at western foot of Mount Athos</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNT0x4sod49qX3zoRy2lvIbpwTtzMPE51s-w8txgAJnMA-sIW4-vwIqcMtMCY58wTSDp738sj5bE5-hf6CKauNC5KjMnTskINl3Tw0BK4V5am-PhNZd--SOuoMmaO2TA7v2zqObuPtsEBYM6G_OBtKIrA4t6TAswYeRiVfu3Adg0ZgtAb7IiFS-njO/s1102/150.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.950.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNT0x4sod49qX3zoRy2lvIbpwTtzMPE51s-w8txgAJnMA-sIW4-vwIqcMtMCY58wTSDp738sj5bE5-hf6CKauNC5KjMnTskINl3Tw0BK4V5am-PhNZd--SOuoMmaO2TA7v2zqObuPtsEBYM6G_OBtKIrA4t6TAswYeRiVfu3Adg0ZgtAb7IiFS-njO/s320/150.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.950.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdhSdi8Gh0ac0mkMIsV0xxmhKIbfXrlJXYWNlcxWGlztg47zuXYZG41URty27HmkaXX32RJO6Rn089At1iZsz2IMTzd37JF1BgTur0mkMlYx6um6KwBqddfQBKne2iL7R9A00OrsJB3qvSs9IdrGbk-DJjJc26Rh6ZGr8TNYA6D_vIKrm1K7lJD6vK/s1102/151.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.951.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="1102" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdhSdi8Gh0ac0mkMIsV0xxmhKIbfXrlJXYWNlcxWGlztg47zuXYZG41URty27HmkaXX32RJO6Rn089At1iZsz2IMTzd37JF1BgTur0mkMlYx6um6KwBqddfQBKne2iL7R9A00OrsJB3qvSs9IdrGbk-DJjJc26Rh6ZGr8TNYA6D_vIKrm1K7lJD6vK/w473-h315/151.GREECE%202022.MOUNT%20ATHOS.951.jpg" width="473" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Skiti Ayias Annis</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"><br /></span><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-63081566457861018752022-06-08T15:46:00.009+01:002024-01-27T16:55:09.815+00:00RIHLA (Journey 73): GALWAY: HERITAGE WALK – 800 YEARS OF HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS 1222 -2022<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaCQgyIpR7fylVALNrhsTaOg1SjRHiUcOaB5BKy6HgTub75n5BURYTOQjGojCzScuNOsxn4GtAwS9gYIw1tItA_-QnoiG3raFnWbBScNNcKT9DNcCH5303RWNF2k1AQxe-6OybufI2APh-1ShXp2WiXgFi9_cg3KFSXlEe4kQL7nXkMOBNahqBItKA/s2283/galway%20WALKING%20map%20MAIN%206%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="2283" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaCQgyIpR7fylVALNrhsTaOg1SjRHiUcOaB5BKy6HgTub75n5BURYTOQjGojCzScuNOsxn4GtAwS9gYIw1tItA_-QnoiG3raFnWbBScNNcKT9DNcCH5303RWNF2k1AQxe-6OybufI2APh-1ShXp2WiXgFi9_cg3KFSXlEe4kQL7nXkMOBNahqBItKA/w543-h395/galway%20WALKING%20map%20MAIN%206%20copy.jpg" width="543" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: Cambria; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Rihla </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify;">(The Journey) – was the short title of a 14th Century (1355 CE) book written in Fez by the Islamic legal scholar Ibn Jazayy al-Kalbi of Granada who recorded and then transcribed the dictated travelogue of the Tangerian, Ibn Battuta. The book’s full title was <i>A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</i> and somehow the title of Ibn Jazayy's record of Ibn Battuta's travels captures the ethos of many of the city and country journeys I have been lucky to take in past years. </span></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i style="font-family: Cambria;">This particular Rihla is entirely local to the place where I live. It is an account of an urban walk I organise on the last Sunday of most months, wandering through time and location in Galway to touch upon – to imagine in many instances – the appearance and disappearance of a town’s history of social care/health institutions. It is and will always remain a work and a walk in progress; evolving as new buildings are erected, new care functions established for the future and more information </i><i>about</i><i style="font-family: Cambria;"> the past becomes available.<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">INTRODUCTION – CARE AND PLACES OF CARE</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;">“If anyone batters a man so that he falls ill, he</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"> (the assailant) <i>shall take care of him. He shall give a man in his stead who can look after his </i>(the victim) <i>house until he recovers. When he recovers, he shall give him 6 shekels of silver, and he shall also pay the physician's fee.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Hittite Legal Text cuneiform c. 1500 BCE<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;">In quoting this translation of a Hittite legal tract Calvert Watkins agreed with D.A. Binchy’s 1938 determination of an almost exact similar – albeit much later – “sick-maintenance” <i>wergild</i> provision in the 5/6<sup>th</sup> Century Irish Brehonic “<i>folog northrusa”</i> or “<i>orthrus</i>” laws. Binchy surmised that when the main source of our knowledge in regard to Irish early-medieval sick-maintenance, the <i>Breatha Cróilge</i> law tract concerning health-care is analysed, it reflects the incorporation of an Indo-European tradition stretching back almost 2500 years.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;">What is not very obvious from either Hittite, or the later Brehon laws, is how much “sick-maintenance” took place in stand alone institutions (hospitals or infirmaries as we might recognise them) in contrast to the more general delivery of care in the victim’s own home or sometimes that of an assailant. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>According to legend in an Irish context, the first institution that might be recognised today as a hospital was founded in the 4th century </span>BCE<span> (</span>Before Common Era<span>) by Queen Macha Mong Ruadh (died 377</span>BCE<span>). It was known as a </span><i>Broin Bherg</i><span> (the House of Sorrow) and situated at Emain Macha or Navan, Co. Meath and like the later military-only <i>valetudinaria</i> of the Roman Legions, was dedicated to the care of Red Branch knights.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;">Prior to this establishment of a physical building or location, again in Irish historic tradition, the great mythical physician was the Tuatha De Danaan god of healing known as Dian Cécht who along with his three of his children, his sons Octriuil (<i>liaig</i>) and Miach and daughter Airmead (<i>banliaig</i>), tended the soldiers of the Red Branch Knights while still on the field of battle.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;">From an earlier epoch, c.3500</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 20px;">BCE,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"> it appears from clay tablet analysis that Mesopotamian “<i>asu</i>” or therapeutic physicians maintained small “recovery” units/clinics/rooms but generally delivered treatment, according to the later more formalised c. 1700</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;">BCE</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> Hammurabi code, in patients homes.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: xx-large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-CzX4cbp3Ae-GshWkAk0uVlZRW6Jgd3OdC05foXrPZ3-fLXJnANdjqngaBXGGICspEECC6NI-ctxU2EeIc_jzm9txlcdCmYzJrge4EIwgoLsIS_SmUa5ShW3uQMFia_uQErEyDYanLPp4UwI-Hi3GgQzHVF_DSI6DbBwj4tYfwf4riKTgmpGJlZZ-/s1642/galway.barna.o'halloran%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="1642" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-CzX4cbp3Ae-GshWkAk0uVlZRW6Jgd3OdC05foXrPZ3-fLXJnANdjqngaBXGGICspEECC6NI-ctxU2EeIc_jzm9txlcdCmYzJrge4EIwgoLsIS_SmUa5ShW3uQMFia_uQErEyDYanLPp4UwI-Hi3GgQzHVF_DSI6DbBwj4tYfwf4riKTgmpGJlZZ-/w521-h353/galway.barna.o'halloran%20copy.jpg" width="521" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Approximate extent of O'Halloran tribal tuath</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In general, and in common with the practices on mainland Europe, Irish traditional medicine and healing was also done in the patient's own home but with a few nuances. By the 5<sup>th</sup> century in tribal Ireland the more established ‘<i>tuatha</i>’ or petty kingdoms had designated “<i>foras túaithe</i>” or secular places of “rest” or “recuperation” for wounded/injured/infirm people of that <i>tuath.</i> These were erected in close proximity to the <i>óenach</i> or headquarters site of the clan. The dominant and larger clans would also have had hereditary physician families living in the óenach. Throughout the country there were also more primitive and generally isolated "<i>teach allais</i>" wattle and hide sweat-houses or sauna-like places of healing, a tradition that persisted into early 19th century. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7znWaIAxamdnqnDSQGGMAI4QpCMemcFUsCt3J4wbiGlAzBn1lUOKdU6zO5SbI3ZFV76A5nM_fR1S6z5SLjlji7z6EIcP-THvKW8hgU4okTjRbh6Mq7K-92nV9rbeK-W2zdkLwaNCqejp3v9YpDPM39u0o_ftOS3VlK7UOMTvWA3sdX_yjBa3I-lDI/s1381/BOOK%20OF%20O'LEES%20AND%20HY%20BRAZIL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="945" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7znWaIAxamdnqnDSQGGMAI4QpCMemcFUsCt3J4wbiGlAzBn1lUOKdU6zO5SbI3ZFV76A5nM_fR1S6z5SLjlji7z6EIcP-THvKW8hgU4okTjRbh6Mq7K-92nV9rbeK-W2zdkLwaNCqejp3v9YpDPM39u0o_ftOS3VlK7UOMTvWA3sdX_yjBa3I-lDI/w262-h382/BOOK%20OF%20O'LEES%20AND%20HY%20BRAZIL.jpg" width="262" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Book of the O'Lees/ Book of Hy Brazil</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"> The 15th Century Medical Compendium in Irish compiled</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">by the O'Lee's hereditary medical family in Connacht has a wonderful story attached to its </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">provenance concerning the mythical isle of Hy Brazil.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">see: http://deworde.blogspot.com/2012/06/rihla-journey-29-blasket-islands.html.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Irish tribal tradition of the major hereditary medical families such as the Ó hÍceadha (Hickey) – from the Gaelic for healer – attached to the O'Briens of Thomand and the Uí Laidhe (O'Lees) attached to the O'Flaherties of Iar Connacht usually implied a specific grant of land, within the <i>tuath,</i> where the medical family would establish their home, a herbal garden, a place to see patients and also on occasions to establish a medical school such as the early 6th century St Bricín's monastic medical college at Tuaim Dreagain (Tomregan, Co. Cavan) and the later, famous early 16th century O'Connor medical school at Aghmacart, Co. Laois. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is unknown whether the <i>Clan Fergail</i>, the O’Halloran tribal family in whose <i>tuath</i> Galway city is situated </span><span style="font-size: large;">had such a <i>foras túaithe</i> but if they did it would have been located on the current site of Barna House on Rusheen Bay where the O’Halloran castle and clan <i>óenach</i> was located.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span>(see: http://deworde.blogspot.com/2016/10/rihla-journey-61-hall-of-red-earl.html)</span><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: large;">HOSPITAL CARE DELIVERY DEVELOPMENT</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first reasonably well-documented institution that we might recognise as a functioning hospital was the Ayurvedan medicine teaching hospital in Taxila in Northern Pakistan, which existed from 500</span><span>BCE</span><span style="font-size: large;">. About 200 years later Buddhist monastic health care sites with stand-alone defined hospital structures were beginning to be established, most notably at Anuradhapura, Madirigivi and Polonnaruva in Sri Lanka. Gautama Buddha lived c. 563 - 483</span><span>BCE</span><span style="font-size: large;">. From Sinhala (Sri Lanka) the monastic-hospital template spread with Buddhist missionaries as far as Japan by 552</span><span>CE (Common Era)</span><span style="font-size: large;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Buddhist notion of hospitals being established co-existent with monastic settlement to deliver healthcare was also to later transfer, almost intact in mission, to the early Christian hospital complex established in 369</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">CE</span><span style="font-size: large;"> by St. Basil in Basilica (with specific wards for different diseases including wards for leprosy where sufferers were treated inclusive for first time as well as a hospice for travellers and an industrial school) just outside the town of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, Turkey. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq8IIA7qK7ugd9obKyNV3Hv0_LIlRHHPhireytRXC8fo-geOvs7O2Tpq03KsIHu5vlBJyWzWAZgJDokXdAa8ByNAgI5lIHGewdwV9APOLCzk626SETgl0ls-nmjD5X7htq8yt2HkwR2XUnrqWWd-fjAcNDAcDvki_-S_mQBx5MdCY5xKBy_u3btrca/s656/Heyne_Basiliad_Basil_of_Caesarea%20Small.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq8IIA7qK7ugd9obKyNV3Hv0_LIlRHHPhireytRXC8fo-geOvs7O2Tpq03KsIHu5vlBJyWzWAZgJDokXdAa8ByNAgI5lIHGewdwV9APOLCzk626SETgl0ls-nmjD5X7htq8yt2HkwR2XUnrqWWd-fjAcNDAcDvki_-S_mQBx5MdCY5xKBy_u3btrca/s320/Heyne_Basiliad_Basil_of_Caesarea%20Small.jpg" width="234" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">St. Basil </span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The actual occidental as distinct from oriental Buddhist architecture of the new Basileias institutions may have been influenced by the layout of the famous dormitories of the c. 350</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">BCE </span><span style="font-size: large;">Greek <i>Asclepieia</i>, but more likely by the c. 100</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">BCE</span><span style="font-size: large;"> ( the first at Carnumtun near present day Vienna) development and function of Roman Military hospitals known as <i>Valetudinaria</i> (“get well places”), but this conclusion is uncertain. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZBDuuECRVtQVzYmQ07hCAY0HkakIGD2V0pjrTEQPZVCWJzY6Jw9U3635gmxEx7jkjFZghZak6Vonge1Ia9dHvxuX2PCNZgkyHWdqlJu1muu3D_NNRJe9hB19fMztIiiGHppzyABXtSpnc3GJPq4JVwFA5gRDI5MnAHRcMeCRSz9K3Lxj81Qku_NL/s945/SWISS%20VALETUDINARIUM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="945" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZBDuuECRVtQVzYmQ07hCAY0HkakIGD2V0pjrTEQPZVCWJzY6Jw9U3635gmxEx7jkjFZghZak6Vonge1Ia9dHvxuX2PCNZgkyHWdqlJu1muu3D_NNRJe9hB19fMztIiiGHppzyABXtSpnc3GJPq4JVwFA5gRDI5MnAHRcMeCRSz9K3Lxj81Qku_NL/w563-h267/SWISS%20VALETUDINARIUM.jpg" width="563" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Plan of "First" Swiss Hospital established at Vindossia (Windisch) in 14 </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">CE</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> to serve Roman 13th Legion (and later 21st until 69 </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">CE</span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">) headquarters. It had 60 sick-rooms with </span>accommodation<span style="font-family: Cambria;"> for 300 patients. </span></span></span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Basilica template was to establish subsequently very rapidly right throughout Byzantium Greek Orthodox lands where hospitals were to become known as <i>xenodochion </i>and then later in Latin Roman Catholic western lands where they were known as <i>hospitalium</i>. The Benedictine order, founded in 529</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">CE</span><span style="font-size: large;"> in Montecassino by St. Benedict of Nurisia became the most influential health care delivery monastic order in the west and by 8oo</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">CE</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Charlemagne had mandated that a school, a monastery and a hospital had to be attached to every new cathedral built in his territory.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">To the east the development of <i>bimaristan</i> hospitals in Persia, beginning with Gundeshapur’s hospital in South Western Iran in 500</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">CE</span><span style="font-size: large;"> was heavily influenced by Nestorian physicians, a tradition which was then continued in the development of the great Abbasid Islamic hospitals, first in Baghdad and then beyond. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This monastic associated tradition of health-care delivery in Ireland was to last until the suppression of the monasteries by Henry VIII between 1536 and 1541. Following this there was a devastating lacunae and a greater dependence on secular places of healthcare delivery, which were very haphazard in their establishment and ambition and quality of delivery, relying usually on a small pool of wealthy merchants and land-owners (the Grand Juries) to fund and run the institutions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">As James P. Murray has pointed out in his seminal study, Galway: A Medico Social History, the notion of “hospital” or “spital” was used in medieval and post-medieval times to include almshouses or poorhouses where the poor and infirm were cared for, primarily by putting a roof over their heads and providing sustenance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In Galway the post-1540 secular, and oftentimes sectarian, healthcare delivery began to change during the 1850s when increasing Catholic emancipation and advocacy, and the devastation wrought by the Irish Famine, allowed the development and funding of more formalised pluralist healthcare again both within and from defined architectural "healing" spaces such as those that had been enabled by the Poorhouse and County Infirmaries Acts of late 18th century.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIykYYwRiuZEmK2qQpsx0lwHO3fBCvyDGxMwQAWEFy5OleWRlTd-dO7_CceIJxBTTGuYanV5_4L4TA2yxO9_jkBQQdAIiWtq8tze-uxR9i2OIxzGJsRcoAmrZ87sukFr1jiochQNDmjNW0_dhWs_DogS1dhImKcVu6dJgaHZXLJV_bz2LCsxQudH1L/s1680/Victorian%20Newcastle%201895%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1680" data-original-width="1260" height="565" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIykYYwRiuZEmK2qQpsx0lwHO3fBCvyDGxMwQAWEFy5OleWRlTd-dO7_CceIJxBTTGuYanV5_4L4TA2yxO9_jkBQQdAIiWtq8tze-uxR9i2OIxzGJsRcoAmrZ87sukFr1jiochQNDmjNW0_dhWs_DogS1dhImKcVu6dJgaHZXLJV_bz2LCsxQudH1L/w424-h565/Victorian%20Newcastle%201895%20copy.jpg" width="424" /></a></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 1</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOeejNaXnao51OX39CIEuGK2DIPgf0OJHUsjQ35idNQvSTKJ7ANntwlwdoHTOn3wQ7OydZcz6qXzKAOn9dStn-VYVy-ejNZOKMHAy254RASiITouX3c295ePD3sR0YS2uTRyyFe_HOh8G4RAMO79TBCrBkRhMNFZvu_H1GSojCu96KCrVKIviH7wOI/s2145/NUIG%20CLOCK%20TOWER%20BRENDAN%20LAWLOR.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2145" data-original-width="1417" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOeejNaXnao51OX39CIEuGK2DIPgf0OJHUsjQ35idNQvSTKJ7ANntwlwdoHTOn3wQ7OydZcz6qXzKAOn9dStn-VYVy-ejNZOKMHAy254RASiITouX3c295ePD3sR0YS2uTRyyFe_HOh8G4RAMO79TBCrBkRhMNFZvu_H1GSojCu96KCrVKIviH7wOI/w319-h484/NUIG%20CLOCK%20TOWER%20BRENDAN%20LAWLOR.jpg" width="319" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">NUIG Quadrangle Archway and Clock Tower </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">(Brendan Lawlor)</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">ARCHWAY OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND GALWAY (NUIG) QUADRANGLE<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1845 Queen’s College Galway was established – along with sister Colleges in Belfast and Cork – after beating off the rival claims of Limerick. The College, despite very serious difficulties with the contractor and the suicide of the contractor’s agent, was built in the very short space of time of 4 years and was opened for students in October 1849. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The proposal to establish a secular institution detached from formal religious control by Peel’s government administration in Dublin Castle managed to unite most main “Christian faiths” and some politicians in their opposition to the intent (and danger perhaps) of a non-denominational University educational ethos, an ethos and intent which was already being put in place in the new national primary education system – the first Model School opened in 1834. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjigeHvkl5KwU0Yy_mIr6leEnBNtNEDqQxuMkRKeFwQpevGUFKWcnSRt_KXKBdVdCsJ8zEznvBHn2iPLgd72hdhAveBAeyeVjUHLVphxc3Sop2APwGJd_9UQ19pVmoKDCCy7-xD94aiqNA72177TlLdDxqT_Jd5dvynfuEoDUtcOuGb_Q3ZSHfFa_hC/s1260/nuig%201849%20old-aerial.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="1260" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjigeHvkl5KwU0Yy_mIr6leEnBNtNEDqQxuMkRKeFwQpevGUFKWcnSRt_KXKBdVdCsJ8zEznvBHn2iPLgd72hdhAveBAeyeVjUHLVphxc3Sop2APwGJd_9UQ19pVmoKDCCy7-xD94aiqNA72177TlLdDxqT_Jd5dvynfuEoDUtcOuGb_Q3ZSHfFa_hC/w443-h309/nuig%201849%20old-aerial.jpg" width="443" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">University College Galway Quadrangle </span></div><span>This is an interesting early aerial photograph of the then University College Galway, NUI [formally Queens College Galway until 1908] taken at sunset on a mid-winter day. I suspect it was c. 1919-1921 during the War of Independence by an RAF Aerial Reconnaissance aircraft flying out of Oranmore airbase. </span><div><span>(For more information on RAF aerial activity during War of Independence see: http://westmayo.ie/the-air-war-in-west-mayo-1918-1921/ )<br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">The Colleges, called by Daniel O’Connell – in an act of political expediency to retain the support of the Catholic hierarchy in his Repeal activities – “Godless academies” and by the Protestant Sir Robert Inglis “a gigantic scheme of Godless education” were, while construction was taking place, being formally condemned by the Pope in 1847 and 1848. The </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Catholic Archbishop – and future Cardinal – Cullen at the Synod of Thurles in 1850 paraphrased the politicians when he said to the assembled prelates, when referring to the new Colleges, that, “<i>One alarming spectacle of the present times, is the propagation of error through a Godless system of education.</i>” This opposition over next 60 years was hasten the end of the non-denominational Model School national primary school system but not the new Colleges.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">The final decision on the location of new Queen's College was left to Kirwan, the first president of the College. Belmount House on about 8 acres was bought from John Whaley of Dublin and further fields on its eastern boundary from Lachlan MacLachlan, owner of the Linen factory, giving a total area of 14 ½ acres at a total cost of £3,469-9-0.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwl-fRLBA2jrpvETFNddC_aks6hKJ3gvTkURcyVJV0uUpS1S9PmwN2pu36JoRWE5GBuNtkTtlB9iVJNOQh_DI39tko73F0lbH5XGfa-6LblPEKXkY2N7vfIyotUA62gvsE2E8f085p5GTp5maEzmpb4YnHvHmbO-9I_Fhj13sl6T5A4Zo5NLp2gAP/s1600/WHALEY%20HOLDINGS%201678.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="1600" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFwl-fRLBA2jrpvETFNddC_aks6hKJ3gvTkURcyVJV0uUpS1S9PmwN2pu36JoRWE5GBuNtkTtlB9iVJNOQh_DI39tko73F0lbH5XGfa-6LblPEKXkY2N7vfIyotUA62gvsE2E8f085p5GTp5maEzmpb4YnHvHmbO-9I_Fhj13sl6T5A4Zo5NLp2gAP/w567-h273/WHALEY%20HOLDINGS%201678.jpg" width="567" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">MacLachlan was </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Irish MP and barrister, who had previously been awarded, in 1837, approximately 1/5</span><sup>th</sup><span> of the compensation due </span><span>( £1940 6s 1d – approx. €276,531.32 in today’s value ) </span><span>for the manumission of 85 enslaved people on the No 55 (Pembroke) estate in Tobago. He and his plantation ownership partner Andrew Henry Lynch, had both been returned as MPs for the Town of Galway in January 1833 but MacLachlan's election was subsequently declared void, on petition. Born in 1791 in Fiorline, Scotland MacLachlan died on 30th April 1849 in Galway and is buried in St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church.</span></span></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Whaley Holdings Galway 1680</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcKxHBtuaymvW3tWxuKo3q4EX2PhmniVhzcBHIs-qCEKoHjV-JE5LOLGz7qfEaFnFhaw7ZgFSCaBEWN92trMVoQuH2b9B4TwhWWsfEmiepgqc4v7te8l4z8GuvbD58JwYv1rJ6skuWp_P_bUD6EJPuH14jUTG7K3GuHZ6Cqc542ULKmosUDfd_QPze/s1833/Whaley%20Est%201911%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1833" data-original-width="1181" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcKxHBtuaymvW3tWxuKo3q4EX2PhmniVhzcBHIs-qCEKoHjV-JE5LOLGz7qfEaFnFhaw7ZgFSCaBEWN92trMVoQuH2b9B4TwhWWsfEmiepgqc4v7te8l4z8GuvbD58JwYv1rJ6skuWp_P_bUD6EJPuH14jUTG7K3GuHZ6Cqc542ULKmosUDfd_QPze/w308-h478/Whaley%20Est%201911%20copy.jpg" width="308" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Whaley Holdings Galway 1911</div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">John Whaley was the inheritor of the estates granted under the 1653 Adventurers Act to Henry Whaley, Recorder of Galway, a cousin of Oliver Cromwell, and brother of Edward Whaley one of the “Regicide” judges at trial of Charles I. His son, also a John Whaley inherited and when he died he left his Galway town lands to Susannah his daughter. She married a cousin Richard Whaley and their Grandson was the famous Buck Whaley. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaBzYPi2_4G0hhPDqMEGAp8kZ8eA_1TvF8yLJqXKEkZoXbJYz1XqqUTjxEBmd7f8WG6UX_mpkHhOLMRS_IjAT_QJx_8os7eFtKIHofKNgGQTwBSRhdiEErx8oKi_92pnhjrRdsbnMDrKvVrJfMPBGe6hBE5iHHCuXeRCV98updv-3ZHZiBTDylCkPp/s1109/cromwell%20letter%20whaley%201658.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1109" data-original-width="787" height="559" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaBzYPi2_4G0hhPDqMEGAp8kZ8eA_1TvF8yLJqXKEkZoXbJYz1XqqUTjxEBmd7f8WG6UX_mpkHhOLMRS_IjAT_QJx_8os7eFtKIHofKNgGQTwBSRhdiEErx8oKi_92pnhjrRdsbnMDrKvVrJfMPBGe6hBE5iHHCuXeRCV98updv-3ZHZiBTDylCkPp/w396-h559/cromwell%20letter%20whaley%201658.jpg" width="396" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Like MacLachlan John Whaley died shortly after selling his lands for the site of new College and before seeing the college buildings completed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">For more information on the Whaley connection and development of Newcastle area of Galway see:</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://deworde.blogspot.com/2018/04/rihla-journey-66-newcastle-to-salthill.html</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> )</span><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">From early on the Medical School of the new College was dynamic and 82 of the total of 427 students enrolling in the new College between 1849 and 1859 studied medicine and by 1882 medical students were accounting for 50% of each year’s enrolments. This was remarkable given difficulties with clinical attachments. Students were only able to partially access surgical and medical patients in the County Infirmary and Workhouse Infirmary and formalised access to maternity patients was not possible until 1923 when a new maternity hospital was established. In truth most students did their required 24 months clinical attachments in institutions recognised by the College senate away from Galway. Charles Croker-King was the Foundation Professor of Anatomy and Physiology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixIvOAjh-E_tunK_ukvEVK9Omv_yogGMsNa4iEEjdMQ6IIrjbD6Jjyn7gwdC8D02LzxrNoEmf6I93n5lXU8y_iM3TuF0AQyhNCNSuocoq9VTt92yPJEojeBdGikjdqUY_UkOQmQSkyNrIxmwNPatRVwhYzcoTj6zpQH33fxjPgcdyqB0fjMAgPI7Yw/s1575/GALWAY%201839%20ROUTE%20PART.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1575" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixIvOAjh-E_tunK_ukvEVK9Omv_yogGMsNa4iEEjdMQ6IIrjbD6Jjyn7gwdC8D02LzxrNoEmf6I93n5lXU8y_iM3TuF0AQyhNCNSuocoq9VTt92yPJEojeBdGikjdqUY_UkOQmQSkyNrIxmwNPatRVwhYzcoTj6zpQH33fxjPgcdyqB0fjMAgPI7Yw/w491-h310/GALWAY%201839%20ROUTE%20PART.1.jpg" width="491" /></a></div></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 2</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, SOUTH WING, QUEEN’S COLLEGE QUADRANGLE - 1st OUT-PATIENT X-RAY DEPARTMENT<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span>In 1898 in the Queens College Quadrangle on the South side, lower floor mid-section, the Department of Physics installed one of the first ever available x-ray machines. Patients came here as outpatients to be “x-rayed”. This was only 3 years after the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen </span></span><span style="font-family: times;">had </span><span style="font-family: Cambria;">freely disseminated his discovery of x-rays and 2 years after Thomas Edison developed an x-ray imaging device, a fluoroscope which used calcium tungstate as a screen and was known as the “Vitascope”.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdRna-9hJtjeapuu52_m86Yhllxe8NEgYNBU4EBPSs3IFzfHtuUeQiQBbasi2KM7TebToNzPvLiWE-iEkYcRfKEgaHXyn7GxBWnsWZ8aKKgzy5DNUnl70wRBmuR4CWiiINfNXq33k5I1c80GAcOd6GhfX8aN6HIJoaQZxvF80uEzuC0_UMZS1403l/s1575/x-ray%20adds%201896.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1204" data-original-width="1575" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdRna-9hJtjeapuu52_m86Yhllxe8NEgYNBU4EBPSs3IFzfHtuUeQiQBbasi2KM7TebToNzPvLiWE-iEkYcRfKEgaHXyn7GxBWnsWZ8aKKgzy5DNUnl70wRBmuR4CWiiINfNXq33k5I1c80GAcOd6GhfX8aN6HIJoaQZxvF80uEzuC0_UMZS1403l/w543-h416/x-ray%20adds%201896.jpg" width="543" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Newspaper advertisements for "x-ray" Equipment 1896</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>The 1898 equipment in Galway's Queen's College may have been “jerry built”, using locally blown Crooke’s Tubes and high-voltage generators and based on Roentgen's and Edison’s publications, but also could have used commercially available equipment from the Edison General Electric Company “miniature lamp” subsidiary. Roentgen had deliberately refused to patent his discovery of x-rays. </span></span><span><span style="text-align: left;">The "x-ray" machines, in order to produce the x-rays, required a high voltage electrical source and this was only possible because 8 years earlier Galway had been partially</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">begun to be “electrified” around 1890 by the Galway Electrical Company [founded 1888] AC hydroelectric turbine and generator installed in Newtownsmith by James Perry, the Galway County Surveyor, and also the father of Alice Perry, the first female first-class honours engineering graduate in Ireland and the UK.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnE3VBiAZEkTecihFeGmWeSX98RgkjC5G6ETFV5zpjX0Yo-ihIDk52v5c1yQajDgxmb81Cc5x5MuYfKJ82S7VzYBJFqb7OrR9f_Qj5FXOlF4Zi-XcAAs8dSAPfH4lOodAo3P8SrhS5z4sbkKGwg8Bj9delVqGBDJF16pEAYfXXnU57vIvpd-ufBjqT/s945/QUB%20QUAD%20GROUND%20FLOOR%201840.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="945" height="415" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnE3VBiAZEkTecihFeGmWeSX98RgkjC5G6ETFV5zpjX0Yo-ihIDk52v5c1yQajDgxmb81Cc5x5MuYfKJ82S7VzYBJFqb7OrR9f_Qj5FXOlF4Zi-XcAAs8dSAPfH4lOodAo3P8SrhS5z4sbkKGwg8Bj9delVqGBDJF16pEAYfXXnU57vIvpd-ufBjqT/w533-h415/QUB%20QUAD%20GROUND%20FLOOR%201840.jpg" width="533" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ground Floor Plan of Queen's College Galway by John. B. Keane, Architect (d.1859)</div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1902, 7 years after discovery of "x-rays", a child received radiation burns to his knee following a series of x-rays in the Physics Department and the parents sued the College for negligence. Despite the resulting court case in 1904 making no finding of negligence the College decided to have the machine transferred to the Galway Hospital on Prospect Hill, although the Physics Dept. technician, a Mr William Hare, continued to operate the equipment on a fee per item basis. When the Galway Hospital transferred to Central Hospital in Newcastle 1922 new commercially available equipment was bought for £17.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYME-qfkxWmgHwPGZrPEPq2WduLvwkSXQer13EM4lKlVNiVAbSkN4DUMr-uMpejsaiF7vuuZW3cEmdm3anDRiTdKSM3X-PprIqPUft7VxLAnI8V8hAva6SbjcpVDXdEoeOpiwR6A1yBBjbeMVSG9PmbxdoWdM996ur9wDppISeP3aPV1XUFoUYLNEY/s945/CONFLICT%20OF%20EVIDENCE%201904%20QUB%20TRIAL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="945" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYME-qfkxWmgHwPGZrPEPq2WduLvwkSXQer13EM4lKlVNiVAbSkN4DUMr-uMpejsaiF7vuuZW3cEmdm3anDRiTdKSM3X-PprIqPUft7VxLAnI8V8hAva6SbjcpVDXdEoeOpiwR6A1yBBjbeMVSG9PmbxdoWdM996ur9wDppISeP3aPV1XUFoUYLNEY/w442-h309/CONFLICT%20OF%20EVIDENCE%201904%20QUB%20TRIAL.jpg" width="442" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Conflicts of Expert Evidence in Reports of Galway's X-Ray trial 1904</div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of note in 1904 Thomas Edison also abandoned his work with x-rays after the death from radiation induced hand burns and mediastinal cancer of his laboratory assistant Clarence Dalley.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXp9XXnx-IyLbw1QP53SN85G8N_cHWCCUVHduZ62-ziRlZAfgcg3LMFXn2oGrtweh9hDad3JyDD6Z3s3wKujZ7BNkCzbxJ-9VUKhrYUXr31d8ggxm4xODghcENsvfsSlckCDf9LaOJIkSYUGvlH4X7yX9zAphixsCXF-igTdRNwm8HxB7QXe2ri9Zk/s787/ANATOMY.UPPER%20LEVEL.QUAD.QUB.1840.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="787" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXp9XXnx-IyLbw1QP53SN85G8N_cHWCCUVHduZ62-ziRlZAfgcg3LMFXn2oGrtweh9hDad3JyDD6Z3s3wKujZ7BNkCzbxJ-9VUKhrYUXr31d8ggxm4xODghcENsvfsSlckCDf9LaOJIkSYUGvlH4X7yX9zAphixsCXF-igTdRNwm8HxB7QXe2ri9Zk/w568-h298/ANATOMY.UPPER%20LEVEL.QUAD.QUB.1840.jpg" width="568" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Planned Anatomy Department on Upper floor </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">North East Wing of Queens College Quadrangle</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 3</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqM1MaezbP6Bv8epcuPtb3FxrPymnpJHy-51BJV8U7X8OxyWYYfuHkG821e81w_Ot5_rnaLMoFAGvfKowTIVT_sczxlkxH4DRM1fqcLuaTgLrg7Fq6Ok7TM3Wk2uZBevGIoqBKKG1SibObyO51ah5vyV_lMQgtLg6wF8W-UmohvRFEtYN5Hg7wInnQ/s1260/BELMOUNT%20HOUSE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="1260" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqM1MaezbP6Bv8epcuPtb3FxrPymnpJHy-51BJV8U7X8OxyWYYfuHkG821e81w_Ot5_rnaLMoFAGvfKowTIVT_sczxlkxH4DRM1fqcLuaTgLrg7Fq6Ok7TM3Wk2uZBevGIoqBKKG1SibObyO51ah5vyV_lMQgtLg6wF8W-UmohvRFEtYN5Hg7wInnQ/w486-h305/BELMOUNT%20HOUSE.jpg" width="486" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Once the Foreman of Works of the Queen's College Quadrangle moved out (c. 1852)</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">the Anatomy and Physiology Department moved into Belmount House.</div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">BELMOUNT HOUSE - DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This was the original late 18<sup>th</sup> century Whaley (sometimes spelt Whalley) Estate house and housed the Department of Anatomy from 1852 – 2018. The foreman supervising the building of the Queen's College lived in Belmont until the works were completed and then the Anatomy and Physiology Department moved in. The building underwent modifications in 1911 and again in 1952. It has one very unusual feature in the old Anatomy semi-circular, steeply banked teaching lecture room where there is a trap-door in the floor through which the cadavers for dissection demonstration ascended from the crypts below.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Belmount is now part of the centre for Medical Simulation Teaching and it is where I, although retired from clinical practice, continue to teach part-time 4<sup>th</sup> year medical students in obstetrics and gynaecology. The Medical School of the National University of Ireland Galway currently graduates about 190 students in medicine per year, from over 40 countries. There is a current proposal to apply for funds totalling €40 million to build a new Medical School (for 3, 4 & 5th year clinical students) on the site of Belmount House. It is my earnest hope that the old Anatomy lecture theatre will be preserved within that development.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 4</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">HUMAN BIOLOGY BUILDING "<i>The Aesclepeion</i>"<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66HiOLoXiCNpTkOEdJvqtQjvkJIL82HrECqU8T9ctadGjLEaViNi7mauiN0_CQHPA-yKIss3MqEXz05ars8k6i5GaQzqTrN4s0hokncG1Fvx529M2j0KBfrK1AauxXAMGi_zc88n1wLUGIrb2YYDyoXEdYhnIHxjGCoXZVgCJpSPHRDrt0MK2MiRU/s1772/aerial%20nuig%20aesclepion.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="1772" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi66HiOLoXiCNpTkOEdJvqtQjvkJIL82HrECqU8T9ctadGjLEaViNi7mauiN0_CQHPA-yKIss3MqEXz05ars8k6i5GaQzqTrN4s0hokncG1Fvx529M2j0KBfrK1AauxXAMGi_zc88n1wLUGIrb2YYDyoXEdYhnIHxjGCoXZVgCJpSPHRDrt0MK2MiRU/w522-h294/aerial%20nuig%20aesclepion.jpg" width="522" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Aerial View of NUIG Campus with Corrib River traversing</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This Scott Tallon Walker Architects ( a firm founded in 1938 by Michael Scott which made its initial reputation designing hospitals – Tullamore, Portlaoise etc) designed building cost €34 million opened in 2018 and now houses the Anatomy department as well all of the other human biological disciplines and research units that serve to lay the foundations in the pre-clinical training of the next generation of doctors and nurses who will deliver the healthcare needs of our community and others beyond. The buildings in this part of the campus are built on the grounds of the former Linen Factory, whose repurposed buildings including the Aras na Mac Léinn and the O’Donoghue Performance lie just in front, to the south, of the Human Biology Building site. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbGFsuSIrp2P_w9KQut89-0GrUN5a92codDP27I_HlUtZd-PilhtHYucjILjCmpo9ribMi1z74ubYxgr_HfQb82fvdBZEv7fsd3Uu9vPnSi1SrQBw3L3wPqHoUtkxY8GOQ5kddQACV_BCbyYesTjzESkwE4zQklSGMq2fZNWCOA_xAl3jNLX9pb3g/s1600/13578193694_f6334bfef6_h.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1600" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbGFsuSIrp2P_w9KQut89-0GrUN5a92codDP27I_HlUtZd-PilhtHYucjILjCmpo9ribMi1z74ubYxgr_HfQb82fvdBZEv7fsd3Uu9vPnSi1SrQBw3L3wPqHoUtkxY8GOQ5kddQACV_BCbyYesTjzESkwE4zQklSGMq2fZNWCOA_xAl3jNLX9pb3g/w467-h256/13578193694_f6334bfef6_h.jpg" width="467" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Plans for Theatre/Performance Area (O'Donoghue) of</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">"AESCLEPION" area of NUIG Galway Campus</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC8ukCQ77xlVGn9xpWA4FSXCM8Zz-nK5vYs6qyeOn6zwn4yN_81cnw1fJiAkEi8yv8di3OmRsfTVOktGp1JPeHsFdC2bzKZbAJwEgHHUZa0kjPBkvtG8K_K3wcdn5zN2uvArwWcP8vaB1NsNffSOLTzfDZdgaqOUo_Q_QyITLTmtekAjC9cq-ubBnn/s3058/hydrology-09-00019-g001.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3058" data-original-width="2072" height="487" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC8ukCQ77xlVGn9xpWA4FSXCM8Zz-nK5vYs6qyeOn6zwn4yN_81cnw1fJiAkEi8yv8di3OmRsfTVOktGp1JPeHsFdC2bzKZbAJwEgHHUZa0kjPBkvtG8K_K3wcdn5zN2uvArwWcP8vaB1NsNffSOLTzfDZdgaqOUo_Q_QyITLTmtekAjC9cq-ubBnn/w331-h487/hydrology-09-00019-g001.png" width="331" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The 369</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">BCE </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Aesclepeion, Odeon and Stadion at Ancient Messene SW Greece</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">This link across the concourse, on the same site in essence, is, interestingly, an entirely reminiscent legacy of the theatres and art spaces that existed in all Greek Aesclepion healing temples of 500</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">BCE</span><span style="font-size: large;"> to 200</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">BCE</span><span style="font-size: large;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 5.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitXkI9w1zUlMD8NZ0ggY5vNoLJd06evjCj0OMzdH9JRfzNMNGPsYypCUBPbs9jI4mnYmOiZuV_s7Q8OMvmdgDsvHrUtby3HpsfcL7-yGZ4CFvGT1nv9cl1kYoabpIrZh4rPbPCXme9xtq3vyEJTLPnEYoMvHA84eAZTXdrpn7Hr8Qohp_DtID_ZWyW/s1102/heuston%20film%20rgyc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1102" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitXkI9w1zUlMD8NZ0ggY5vNoLJd06evjCj0OMzdH9JRfzNMNGPsYypCUBPbs9jI4mnYmOiZuV_s7Q8OMvmdgDsvHrUtby3HpsfcL7-yGZ4CFvGT1nv9cl1kYoabpIrZh4rPbPCXme9xtq3vyEJTLPnEYoMvHA84eAZTXdrpn7Hr8Qohp_DtID_ZWyW/w537-h292/heuston%20film%20rgyc.jpg" width="537" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">NUIG HUSTON SCHOOL OF FILM AND DIGITAL MEDIA BUILDING</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ROYAL GALWAY YACHT CLUB 1882 - 1941 (Wooden Building to approx 1930) sold to UCG.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY SERVING CENTRAL HOSPITAL 1941 – 1958</b> until their move to site in Regional Hospital.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP1GX7kHdibr2ZsMlLhiGS8BUbTy05gLmQSSDPYEw-LtEEAC0uJiE7eMID2fHvKGmStWSKXrI2LT3KxRm-89MAEokeO7oKsWcet17vEHqOMjuV4ILmEQbP6fegw9kpSt0ht8yzYoEQJUz8oKbTF3v787s1ayGW08MJlmp5g1R4H2vvGgiNoCPClUA_/s450/61006.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="450" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP1GX7kHdibr2ZsMlLhiGS8BUbTy05gLmQSSDPYEw-LtEEAC0uJiE7eMID2fHvKGmStWSKXrI2LT3KxRm-89MAEokeO7oKsWcet17vEHqOMjuV4ILmEQbP6fegw9kpSt0ht8yzYoEQJUz8oKbTF3v787s1ayGW08MJlmp5g1R4H2vvGgiNoCPClUA_/w452-h296/61006.jpg" width="452" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Royal Galway Yacht Club 1890s. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fever Hospital, wall of County Gaol and Beggars Bridge in Background.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipdg6ANHI5OAD0S4eJut-icKs09khhrwcY7eC-ONAWOunRSfZ6zV9kfYqsd_UHNxQQwA51dqFigkGc4N1WsBIdTl7CL_X4EUIukyEnVIRI8gEzY0qfGMyp9PiziCRXoYlaAyr08fZe6VUqOC8D0ZD56400j8boTysmpKjovmxYFYPCWzckcnppfNev/s945/Royal%20Galway%20Yacht%20Club%20Burgee.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="945" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipdg6ANHI5OAD0S4eJut-icKs09khhrwcY7eC-ONAWOunRSfZ6zV9kfYqsd_UHNxQQwA51dqFigkGc4N1WsBIdTl7CL_X4EUIukyEnVIRI8gEzY0qfGMyp9PiziCRXoYlaAyr08fZe6VUqOC8D0ZD56400j8boTysmpKjovmxYFYPCWzckcnppfNev/w523-h326/Royal%20Galway%20Yacht%20Club%20Burgee.jpg" width="523" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Burgee of Royal Galway Yacht Club.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Note that the Commodore in 1896 was a Sebastian Nolan, the man who made his fortune from the importation of Guano-based fertiliser from South America, who founded Galway Golf Club and who also had donated the Widows and Orphans Building on Foster Place to the Magdalene Laundry of the Sisters of Mercy in 1870.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>(see:http://deworde.blogspot.com/2015/06/guano-golf-and-gethsemane-in-galway.html) </span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"> </span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 6</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv_12vMxIloGkF-NG_tWGF_4noyHzG5qIlptbdGcO_jsuTRfhaHZv8NI5iqhVYEXfLJfGMBUqssAxSSpGevCRVhmUPtyMaAiKlc0rAlYQrUcFkXDGvSZ1oDkmqBlQX7CTtq3_1CW05LbMuAKpTKvAsBWY-FbcVPM7y4Bc8sDHBSMrQ84g_vMsTL4YJ/s1181/FEVER%20HOSPITAL%20Back.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv_12vMxIloGkF-NG_tWGF_4noyHzG5qIlptbdGcO_jsuTRfhaHZv8NI5iqhVYEXfLJfGMBUqssAxSSpGevCRVhmUPtyMaAiKlc0rAlYQrUcFkXDGvSZ1oDkmqBlQX7CTtq3_1CW05LbMuAKpTKvAsBWY-FbcVPM7y4Bc8sDHBSMrQ84g_vMsTL4YJ/w476-h317/FEVER%20HOSPITAL%20Back.jpg" width="476" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Riverbank aspect of old Fever Hospital</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE FEVER HOSPITAL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Fever Hospital was built and run by subscription following Act of Parliament in 1818. There was planning for 40-60 patients spread over 4 wards.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">In 1822 a typhus epidemic occurred. Epidemic typhus is a louse-borne disease associated with overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions and caused by the Rickettsia prowazekii bacteria. Symptoms begin about two weeks after exposure with fever and chills and a widespread rash that spares the face. Left untreated encephalitis, delirium, coma and death occurs.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnbIBdPo3Hj3nT1Ww7rX9xAJQmu0SyWNjj92xijOsQwve-s3TEJvhgfmRsLEEc-e8BbJrdboM0lAmFHmeq1Xue4PsfnKrxYthGINsk4MstltrRdd64kh7EZXPiMANfTs3iHL_LV89VSg1hHeCHCz0a3JYKRjIsWbkjbkc0wccBHB7asVX4LHpBfw_/s318/Unknown-1.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="318" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnbIBdPo3Hj3nT1Ww7rX9xAJQmu0SyWNjj92xijOsQwve-s3TEJvhgfmRsLEEc-e8BbJrdboM0lAmFHmeq1Xue4PsfnKrxYthGINsk4MstltrRdd64kh7EZXPiMANfTs3iHL_LV89VSg1hHeCHCz0a3JYKRjIsWbkjbkc0wccBHB7asVX4LHpBfw_/s1600/Unknown-1.jpeg" width="318" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span>Body lice</span></div><span><br /><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">During the 1822 epidemic in Galway there were on average 90 new cases a day at peak. Capacity of the hospital was increased to 120. Temporary wooden shed and tents erected in grounds and an empty barracks on Lombard St was converted into a temporary convalescent Hospital with an extra 100 beds.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dr McHugh, the medical officer in charge of Fever Hospital died from the disease caught tending the patients as also did Drs Keogh, Brown and Burke in 1823, all of whom had come to the assistance of Galway in dealing with the epidemic with the Dr Graves commission dispatched from Dublin.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2gRjLhmI8A4gtV4000tnqmloMYeq1sKfSes3Qo-mkMVUVhmv1_cykacN8vecruBWOxtmHOGUtH7MncQH7I7ZHWntdO9Ika5uEcDZHAxnbkWl0266o4lSqlevlQGF_I4EvHvqnAyUlYmcmmKSBlfq6burTjlRSX9glxj6euQrmXDO_DILdUGI43uuE/s1181/fever%20hospital%20beggars%20bridge.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2gRjLhmI8A4gtV4000tnqmloMYeq1sKfSes3Qo-mkMVUVhmv1_cykacN8vecruBWOxtmHOGUtH7MncQH7I7ZHWntdO9Ika5uEcDZHAxnbkWl0266o4lSqlevlQGF_I4EvHvqnAyUlYmcmmKSBlfq6burTjlRSX9glxj6euQrmXDO_DILdUGI43uuE/w488-h325/fever%20hospital%20beggars%20bridge.jpg" width="488" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fever Hospital with Beggars' Bridge in foreground</span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the two years 1839-40, (quiet years when there was neither famine or epidemic!) there were 3,138 admissions and 223 deaths. Head nurse was a Nurse Barnacle, whose husband was a Stephen Barnacle and whose relationship to the more famous Nora is unknown.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In April 1849 the Fever Hospital was converted to a specific Cholera Hospital. The cholera pandemic had reached Ireland in December 1848 just as the worst ravages of the Famine were receding somewhat. The pandemic lasted about 6 weeks and was responsible for about 600 deaths in the town. The mortality of the 500 or so patients admitted to the Cholera Hospital was about 50%. The cholera hospital reverted to again being a fever hospital on the 1st June 1849.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Fever Hospital closed in 1909, and was bought by the University in 1913 and converted into the University Men’s Club. It is now the NUIG Irish Centre for Human Rights and the place where I studied for my Masters in Human Rights Law.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATIONs 7 & 8</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVUn6UIS0WE0LLz2JW9LidrSkXYwd5VrnXpBLLHGUhCkz2lVp8yiC_4MMXXH6flRT4TJ2pGhs7vt1eLbB3bh4LMVvkidjG76ES2mEcnzPbEwrOZY2VXPS-GROLBf9kAfYpxoN3BOkwXjfXov5P0_NT5vscH8s-zwvUwfIjXpJocQzZ6oQPOjzsEibn/s1122/GALWAY%20GAOLS%20copy.jpg" style="font-family: Cambria; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="946" data-original-width="1122" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVUn6UIS0WE0LLz2JW9LidrSkXYwd5VrnXpBLLHGUhCkz2lVp8yiC_4MMXXH6flRT4TJ2pGhs7vt1eLbB3bh4LMVvkidjG76ES2mEcnzPbEwrOZY2VXPS-GROLBf9kAfYpxoN3BOkwXjfXov5P0_NT5vscH8s-zwvUwfIjXpJocQzZ6oQPOjzsEibn/w478-h404/GALWAY%20GAOLS%20copy.jpg" width="478" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY TOWN AND COUNTY GAOL HOSPITALS<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The "LOCK" HOSPITAL</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>The building of a Galway County Gaol was enabled by an Act of Parliament in 1802. A </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">compulsory purchase order of the Nun's Island lands bought them for £664.7.6 (€83, 789.00 in todays money). The construction of both County and City Gaols was completed in 1811.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Both Gaols contained a hospital, the County Gaol hospital being much bigger. </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Because some 16% of arraigned female Gaol inmates were prostitutes and that the majority of these suffered from venereal disease, their management in the County Gaol Hospital resulted in the Hospital as early as 1823 being considered a "Lock" Hospital (Venereal disease) by the Prison Inspectorate.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9MRrGrkmUfUuxYoxB78Cb5fCXjc9_BUfRmMzf9sdlPp-2kI8dUkeledDFyYK3t99jXrZwJVwHzy63yLo2EVcFp1q5y2j3YU87NDaIApK_fPRFZddEFo0KlK5LCS2KaKmNjUwnQIbzudS9KRRSmuWql9jUzhJnqpuMil-6JDYZIaeeFpUDHr-aSDF0/s255/Unknown.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="255" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9MRrGrkmUfUuxYoxB78Cb5fCXjc9_BUfRmMzf9sdlPp-2kI8dUkeledDFyYK3t99jXrZwJVwHzy63yLo2EVcFp1q5y2j3YU87NDaIApK_fPRFZddEFo0KlK5LCS2KaKmNjUwnQIbzudS9KRRSmuWql9jUzhJnqpuMil-6JDYZIaeeFpUDHr-aSDF0/w360-h280/Unknown.jpeg" width="360" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">The South West corner of County and Town Gaol complex on Nun's Island.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">The picture shows the wings of the Town Gaol. At this stage in 1920s the Town Gaol was exclusively a female prison.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"> </span></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Following the introduction of the Contagious Diseases Acts 1864-1886 (primarily designed to protect the military!) women merely suspected of being prostitutes by a policeman could be brought before a magistrate and forced to undergo an examination. If found to have gonorrhoea or syphilis they then could be detained in a Lock Hospital (e.g. Kildare or Limerick Lock Hospitals) or a Lock Hospital situated within a County prison for up to 9 months. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">There were always difficulties in the two Gaols of co-housing women who were ordinary criminals and those who were “corrupting” prostitutes. By 1884 the 24 cells of the Town Gaol became exclusively a female prison. The last female prisoner in Galway Gaol was Delia, a 40 year-old waitress of no fixed abode, who was convicted of malicious damage to church property, and died in the gaol hospital 4 days after being remanded. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>The County Courthouse built 1815 and Town Courthouse in 1818. </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The Gaol bridge (now known as Salmon Weir bridge) from the Courthouses to the Gaols was built 1818-19.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Public executions outlawed in 1868. After that took place in prison yard. Last execution in Galway gaol was 1902 on a temporary scaffold.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoWs-W--b6ibgRHMmPCt6pDNWiK0u1jE5Za3pg_OCImOk3OUKsHB9a1WnGg9RTUN7HF6zPYdq8CWHT9dOVXNVyk-B88aUcFwDFDee6LuQyU12ORL8_DtmY5CbeeHXJAbARtHJfMrtvOfOP3EKFGuKRjM7q5FfcwY3LMYjxp_6C_96eiWtfW3PPnES/s1102/galway%20cathedral%20and%20prison%20walls.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="1102" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoWs-W--b6ibgRHMmPCt6pDNWiK0u1jE5Za3pg_OCImOk3OUKsHB9a1WnGg9RTUN7HF6zPYdq8CWHT9dOVXNVyk-B88aUcFwDFDee6LuQyU12ORL8_DtmY5CbeeHXJAbARtHJfMrtvOfOP3EKFGuKRjM7q5FfcwY3LMYjxp_6C_96eiWtfW3PPnES/w527-h209/galway%20cathedral%20and%20prison%20walls.jpg" width="527" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Construction of Galway Cathedral c.1963 from Gaol Bridge.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Old County Gaol main gate and walls still in situ.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Both Gaols closed in 1939 and were demolished (apart from wall) in 1949. Site sold to Bishop Browne for £10. Cathedral of Our Lady and St Nicholas built 1965. On a personal connection my father Joe Derham was the electrical and mechanical engineering consultant to the Cathedral construction.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZk-w5WyCI9zhSlOj4XXVDYCZuigIBEuSVKhiHGFrNzylXOzo7-h7KDExKf0go68yucAUVu6HLG1Aj04gmJgeBmIywiAGFk_KkRiHZ2L3mtZYFYDR_zUvLuRTrCsdN0UT706Yo5x8qv-4krqwDFlfX7xeQAco7mVggAPWvbl8T_in3drH7UBmOvUc/s993/Republican-prisoners-at-Galway-Town-Hall-internment-camp.-C-of-NMI.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="993" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZk-w5WyCI9zhSlOj4XXVDYCZuigIBEuSVKhiHGFrNzylXOzo7-h7KDExKf0go68yucAUVu6HLG1Aj04gmJgeBmIywiAGFk_KkRiHZ2L3mtZYFYDR_zUvLuRTrCsdN0UT706Yo5x8qv-4krqwDFlfX7xeQAco7mVggAPWvbl8T_in3drH7UBmOvUc/w392-h294/Republican-prisoners-at-Galway-Town-Hall-internment-camp.-C-of-NMI.jpg" width="392" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Galway Town Hall Internment Camp 1920 -21.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Barbed wire stretched to auxiliary accommodation in Protestant Hall</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">on the West side of street to allow prisoners every 3 days have exercise outdoors. </span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">8.A: GALWAY TOWN HALL INTERNMENT CAMP 1920 -21</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Linking the Galway Gaols to the Galway Courthouses (County Hall & Courthouse 1820; Town Courthouse and later Town Hall 1830) was the Goal or Salmon Weir bridge completed about 1820. On what is St Stephen's Island both the County and City Halls had been built. A prisoner sorting station or internment camp was established in the Galway City Hall during the War of Independence and housed up to 100 prisoners in filthy unsanitary conditions. On the 1st January 1921 a Patrick Walsh from Hollymount, Co. Mayo died from fever. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih17ivlm3itp0zN-mXZGv1ki2kS75atBR_1LIMfJ7W0iN9Xm_E1HgAnP6X37TJh2m3o3tWmLLHg1MS8kC5xa-wMLvJ_AaQYJ30AYOR-qpIhPk_kId-HcimQOfGXIGvNQNBcHetrz46niHmO1ILBQu02fSszqLU-fyZaPy7J21EQ43t8-2nhf9ip7Ed/s259/Unknown.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih17ivlm3itp0zN-mXZGv1ki2kS75atBR_1LIMfJ7W0iN9Xm_E1HgAnP6X37TJh2m3o3tWmLLHg1MS8kC5xa-wMLvJ_AaQYJ30AYOR-qpIhPk_kId-HcimQOfGXIGvNQNBcHetrz46niHmO1ILBQu02fSszqLU-fyZaPy7J21EQ43t8-2nhf9ip7Ed/w259-h194/Unknown.jpeg" width="259" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Michael Mullin</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the 3rd January another prisoner, a Galway county footballer called Michael Mullin from Mountbellew, died three days later after being transferred to the old Cholera/ Isolation Hospital at Rinmore Point. He was diagnosed and treated in the Town Hall by a Dr Thomas Heneghan from Ballindine, Co.Mayo who was also a prisoner and who subsequently was allowed accompany him to the Isolation Hospital.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Many prisoners were "screened" and tortured either in Galway's Eglinton Barracks by the Black & Tans (British reinforcements of the Royal Irish Constabulary [RIC] with a penchant for torture and violence) or the Auxillaries (Winston Churchill's suggested "special" squad of ex-British army officers raised as a counter-intelligence unit in the War of Independence and attached as a paramilitary unit to, but not controlled by, the RIC: an early SAS prototype) from Lenaboy Castle before transfer to Galway Gaol and then to the Town Hall Internment camp. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The prisoners who suffered injuries enough to warrant medical care were transferred to the Military prison in Renmore. Two prisoners from Mayo, Mark Fox and Peter Foy were transferred there with pneumonia after arriving to the Town Hall soaking wet, having being thrown some 4-5 hours earlier into the freezing Robe River to try and get them to divulge information on their Republican comrades.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In early 1921 there was a typhoid outbreak, two prisoners died and a mass inoculation of the prisoners was ordered by Army Medical Officers from Curragh Camp, Kildare and isolation and vaccination took place over a three week period. Following this no more cases were reported. The vaccine against Typhoid (Salmonella) had been developed in 1911. </span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 9</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYGXRywp73RgEf-Y527qMFz7VfGqRZkf3CVcbPfhacUSEL9JHtXlDOZfMguhfbF-N3X5eMhevPvJcljUAIaRsmVLlzEIVAEdCqw1rEYWh37VZLbZjMjQKj0tBjVOR262Lm2T8rWByOKLDi8q7EQK_QqwcbBTF8dbDv3WZmH7N_pdZZPKQTI1JyUIwE/s1181/mendicity%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1181" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYGXRywp73RgEf-Y527qMFz7VfGqRZkf3CVcbPfhacUSEL9JHtXlDOZfMguhfbF-N3X5eMhevPvJcljUAIaRsmVLlzEIVAEdCqw1rEYWh37VZLbZjMjQKj0tBjVOR262Lm2T8rWByOKLDi8q7EQK_QqwcbBTF8dbDv3WZmH7N_pdZZPKQTI1JyUIwE/w474-h316/mendicity%202.jpg" width="474" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>The mendicity building (to right) with yard to rear, looking up St Anthony's</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Place (Poorhouse Lane) towards Woodquay.</span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE MENDICITY INSTITUTION (THE POORHOUSE)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>THE WAY TO MEND-A-CITY</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of all the trades agoing now,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> A begging it’s the worst, Sir,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tho’ later it seemed in this good town,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">To be the very first, Sir.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">It throve so well in every street,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">With other trades so blended,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">That’twas determined at the last,<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The city should be mended.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Oh no! Mendicity’s the way to mend-a-city<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Oh no! Mendicity’s the way, to mend-a city.</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>GALWAY WEEKLY ADVERTISER 27 November 1924<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 20px; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 20px; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first applicable legislation for the suppression of begging in Ireland was in 1542 with Henry VIII's <i>An</i> </span><i style="font-size: x-large;">Act for Vagabonds</i> (33 H 8. c.15)<span style="font-size: large;"> followed 100 years later by Chalres I's </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">1635 </span><i><span style="font-size: large;">Act for the Erecting of Houses of Correction and for Punishment of all Rogues, Vagabonds, Sturdy Beggars and other Lewd and Idle Persons </span>(10&11 C.1. c.4)<span style="font-size: large;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: large;"> The latter Act even allowed for “moderate’ whipping but did not proceed in operational terms as no financial supports were put in place. </span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 20px; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1703 an Irish specific act allowed for establishing a ‘workhouse’ in Dublin. Although ‘poverty’ was recognised legally for the first time in the Act the treatment of those poor was linked to maintaining order and control. In 1735 a similar Act established a ‘workhouse’ in Cork. These workhouses also functioned as “foundling hospitals” for abandoned children and the 1703 Dublin workhouse became the Dublin Foundling Hospital. Both Dublin and Cork workhouses were funded by ‘special taxes’ and not by subscription. Galway did not have a “1735” workhouse but a Founding Hospital was established on the site of the Charter School on Mill Street, where the Presentation Convent is now in 1755 </span>(LOCATION 34)<span style="font-size: large;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sfdDkXVvLTtrDObOAEu9ZWJAKikDBGFPYc6fVqKI-IHAksIujDbWigvFDCmA7Dd_skqSqNDYKw4hMqbDkZpDDWIgAjGl64rQrOIlVwD50tO9Q51v_dgIjBTQ05j05gca2ejgLG4UrC8cXDV-Zc8FBng5GZPQ25guVIDKo4rPYfgfT9S8eJRshJDe/s1096/george%203%20begging%20act.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1096" data-original-width="630" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sfdDkXVvLTtrDObOAEu9ZWJAKikDBGFPYc6fVqKI-IHAksIujDbWigvFDCmA7Dd_skqSqNDYKw4hMqbDkZpDDWIgAjGl64rQrOIlVwD50tO9Q51v_dgIjBTQ05j05gca2ejgLG4UrC8cXDV-Zc8FBng5GZPQ25guVIDKo4rPYfgfT9S8eJRshJDe/w268-h466/george%203%20begging%20act.jpg" width="268" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Preamble of George III 1771-2 Begging Act</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">A more extensive George III 1772 Act repealed the earlier Henry VIII and Charles I Acts and divided beggars into two classes: those who were considered ‘deserving’ and those deemed ‘non-deserving’ of societal support. The Act also segregated beggars into those who were able to work and who would be corporally punished (put in stocks) if they resorted or returned to begging and those who were unable to work and thus given a ‘badge’ or permit that allowed them to beg. The Act also allowed for the erection of more “workhouses’ or “Houses of Industry”; nine of which were established by the time of the Poor Law Union workhouses implementation in 1838.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiov8eIZmpP8Qqydy7PRVcVcUhNxh7zG_58ilLQApTnUTbJWHnkSmvxycEhtyvbbGLWuyEcebX2q_xqkHFkKhONzX1oi81lkWG_geLq9Y9oH15WkFqsTlo47SdHBecDkbf-v7qk3J2ihEFad0sEsdMK0czQKndTkuRyw2zdprMj-vuG1J4Y4bY-zOHu/s1463/GALWAY%201839%20WOODQUAY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="1463" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiov8eIZmpP8Qqydy7PRVcVcUhNxh7zG_58ilLQApTnUTbJWHnkSmvxycEhtyvbbGLWuyEcebX2q_xqkHFkKhONzX1oi81lkWG_geLq9Y9oH15WkFqsTlo47SdHBecDkbf-v7qk3J2ihEFad0sEsdMK0czQKndTkuRyw2zdprMj-vuG1J4Y4bY-zOHu/w518-h319/GALWAY%201839%20WOODQUAY.jpg" width="518" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Widespread begging became a greater social issue throughout Europe around the turn of the 18</span><sup>th</sup><span> century, especially in the aftermath of the large-scale demobilisation of soldiers and sailors at end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The development of Mendicity societies in the early 1800s, was demanded by Dublin’s inhabitants in particular when the mandate of the earlier 1770s “Houses of Industry” mandate to contain begging was changed in 1816 to primarily that of the general relief of the sick and infirm poor. The development of the Mendicity Societies reflected an increasing ‘specialisation’ of charitable intent and applied a zealous middle-class work and religious ethos with very restricted admission guidelines that were entirely dedicated to the suppression of the ‘evil’ of street begging. Funded by subscription, collected on a voluntary basis as suggested by a similar Hamburg institution template, Mendicity Societies were generally run by the burgers of the town on a philanthropic basis but which protected the social and commercial interests of those same individuals. The Societies were not intended as custodial institutions but more as a ‘half-way’ house where inmates would be trained in the ‘habits of industry’ so that they might gain useful employment, leave the streets ( and the Societies) and establish their own abodes. </span></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dublin’s Mendicity Institution (which still exists on Usher’s Island) was established in 1818, and Galway’s Mendicity Society was in place by 1820. Galway’s population in 1831 census was 33,120. The establishment of Mendicity Societies mirrored the charitable Fever Hospital development, and often funded by the same individuals. The Mendicity Institutes generally differed from the earlier Houses of Industry and later Poor Law union workhouses in that the paupers did not reside in the building. However in any one institution 18-30-% of the female inmates were described as being infirm and in full time care. The percentages for men were less. There was also a children’s ward and basic education unit. The abled bodied were put to work. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The vast majority of Societies were chronically underfunded and with the opening of publically funded Poor Law Workhouse in 1840s rapidly hastened their demise and almost overnight any inmates transferred to the newly established local Workhouse. Galway’s Union Workhouse Infirmary on Newcastle Road opened in 1841.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 10</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo37dBITDZpV4YDEwu6g70W-84mje6_YwBCLfZmHhU5aA4cswLBOAExGOyi3uIDxyTxh38LVBoZ-NQC8OgA8P3jD0R5-Ut9E_gISMdZTZpWbJZCgM5P9t214ypKAmBY5TTBIH3YChD5MUv1XKWMtWno9PshkSU7_QWMcSwZzrEXpUQwVZadkuKLjIn/s1383/WOODQUAY%20DETAIL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="915" data-original-width="1383" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo37dBITDZpV4YDEwu6g70W-84mje6_YwBCLfZmHhU5aA4cswLBOAExGOyi3uIDxyTxh38LVBoZ-NQC8OgA8P3jD0R5-Ut9E_gISMdZTZpWbJZCgM5P9t214ypKAmBY5TTBIH3YChD5MUv1XKWMtWno9PshkSU7_QWMcSwZzrEXpUQwVZadkuKLjIn/w478-h316/WOODQUAY%20DETAIL.jpg" width="478" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Galway's Wood Quay 2022</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Before Regulation Weirs of 1850 & 1950 were built the Corrib River</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">came in as far as and was navigable to where Poorhouse Lane (St Anthony's Place) exited and there were stepping stones to get to other side when in full flood.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY's OLD COUNTY INFIRMARY 1680s – c.1750<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1638 the “able but despotic” Lord Deputy of Ireland (1632-1640) Thomas Wentworth (1593 -1641[executed]) determined that a public infirmary should be erected in Galway. Nothing was done however because firstly there were still simmering tensions in Galway where the Sherriff had been fined £1,000 by Wentworth who had insisted on Charles I’s right to distribute lands to colonists in Connaught – based on his inheritance resulting from the 1340’s betrothal and marriage of Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster to Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Charles I’s ancestor – and the onset of the devastating Cromwellian war in Ireland (1649 -1653). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4FMk47uwjB8_Vfylx1Irjpw1jsuChEqiiwbeNe6Qy3ZOaRKe0FVp8bHfA4G_ZL-kvvXrl-q6D94PqbVlKQBrr_OxhoFgNgHjhvpSQqyYJM6MvuZtnK15AkU6Tz67Qm9g0FXH905BfYGgLxlGkueOs4Zi-9rnmqGZNXOJKEJBaVBmnejGPsPPnFwYn/s450/53838.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="450" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4FMk47uwjB8_Vfylx1Irjpw1jsuChEqiiwbeNe6Qy3ZOaRKe0FVp8bHfA4G_ZL-kvvXrl-q6D94PqbVlKQBrr_OxhoFgNgHjhvpSQqyYJM6MvuZtnK15AkU6Tz67Qm9g0FXH905BfYGgLxlGkueOs4Zi-9rnmqGZNXOJKEJBaVBmnejGPsPPnFwYn/w436-h327/53838.jpg" width="436" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>A c.1850 view of Woodquay from Horse Island. Note the sails of the boats on Woodquay which before the construction of the Regulation Weir went up close to Poorhouse Lane (St Anthony's Place at extreme left of picture). The "temporary" 1680 - 1750 Infirmary was located in the building to the left of lane (now the Italian Ciarlatini coffee shop). </span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Following the closure of both the Plague Hospital (its former site at the end of Suckeen Lane soon being referred to as the “Old Infirmary”) and St. Brigid’s Hospital on Prospect Hill, in the 1670s the Corporation established a basic small secular infirmary on Woodquay. Its exact location is uncertain but thought to be on corner opposite to where Mendicity Institution was located. It is also entirely possible logical that the Mendicity was established in former County (of the Town) Infirmary location but there was, however, about 7o years between the Infirmary moving to its next temporary home on Abbeygate Street and establishment of Mendicity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 11</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">SICKEEN LANE aka SUCKEEN LANE (St. Brendan’s Avenue)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the 1651 map of Galway, <i>Suck</i>een Lane had only houses on one side and led west north-west from Woodquay to Suckeen Bog (and the Headford Road today). In time because it became the main thoroughfare to both the “Old Infirmary [the Plague Hospital] and the "new" 1802 County Infirmary as well as the 1915 TB Dispensary it became known as <i>Sick</i>een Lane and was documented as such on the early Ordnance Survey Maps. It was officially renamed St. Brendan’s Avenue when a National School of that name was established on the Lane in 1916 (closed early 1960s.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgHNtTaFso2ZTqKmsz799mgTJvL9eJpZzGM0mNo1G1I_d0cjMO9fpyzUZfAmxI7v9oYBqCO5vsjjcbNfMcXALjPj_oEEbFeGnSEtMvTVk59RPEonpoxsXGHDRj871YVoZKJhuZh43PnBmE6ARuvAnJ11ixHcYLAsn5nfP_yh_go95HjrybAWjIiO-/s1575/GALWAY%201944%20TB%20CLINIC%20PLAN.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1575" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgHNtTaFso2ZTqKmsz799mgTJvL9eJpZzGM0mNo1G1I_d0cjMO9fpyzUZfAmxI7v9oYBqCO5vsjjcbNfMcXALjPj_oEEbFeGnSEtMvTVk59RPEonpoxsXGHDRj871YVoZKJhuZh43PnBmE6ARuvAnJ11ixHcYLAsn5nfP_yh_go95HjrybAWjIiO-/w532-h399/GALWAY%201944%20TB%20CLINIC%20PLAN.jpg" width="532" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Sickeen Lane is running from South west to North East from bottom left of picture</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Galway 1944</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 12</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF_a9njYi-Ulz9G4E3Jt1HOlDOpEEb5WTIfeevjW7DHTreqcIcWKtQ5oCpsjv4OiMFQPO37HkNP4vZOgPR0ukfGkTMc4NnmDXzwu3qGmxNehmhRR2x3XojiOBCnxICZ_-9Fz7jtw6GeV8-4Lm7dvpNZGwYrpGaJQpnLheHOGm4W_7KsQVRjI3E0IG/s1969/GALWAY%201651%20PLAGUE%20HOSPITAL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1096" data-original-width="1969" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF_a9njYi-Ulz9G4E3Jt1HOlDOpEEb5WTIfeevjW7DHTreqcIcWKtQ5oCpsjv4OiMFQPO37HkNP4vZOgPR0ukfGkTMc4NnmDXzwu3qGmxNehmhRR2x3XojiOBCnxICZ_-9Fz7jtw6GeV8-4Lm7dvpNZGwYrpGaJQpnLheHOGm4W_7KsQVRjI3E0IG/w553-h307/GALWAY%201651%20PLAGUE%20HOSPITAL.jpg" width="553" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Detail from 1651 Pictorial Map of Galway</div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE PLAGUE HOSPITAL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 4.5pt 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 4.5pt 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The dissolution of the monasteries in 1536-1540 by Henry VIII left the populace of Galway virtually without hospital services. In areas where monastic infirmaries had been numerous, the loss was traumatic. One result was that the people had to return to charms, folk medicine and holy wells. There was St. Nicholas' Hospital for the Poor established and endowed by Stephen Lynch fitz-Dominic Dubh in 1505 (Galway mayor 1504–05, 1508-09, 1517-18, 1522-23), most likely but not entirely certain on what is now Buttermilk Lane. The St Nicholas Hospital/Poorhouse was rebuilt in stone in 1637 and lasted until late 1680s. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">In addition to the demise of the 1505 St. Nicholas' Hospital for the Poor, following Henry VIII’s suppression of the monastic establishments the Dominican run Leper Hospital (first established in 1222 on the same site by the Premonstratensian canons) in the Claddagh, in particular, was also lost to Galway’s poor. The Corporation, perhaps following the example of the towns that Galway traded with on the continent, then decided to build and fund a specific, secular Plague Hospital to be established outside the city walls around 1629 </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">when Bubonic Plague was brought to Galway by the returning ships of Charles I from Spain. This Plague outbreak originally had started in France in 1623, and was brought from Lombardy to Spain by returning Spanish troops.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the 1651 Galway Pictorial map the Plague Hospital is shown as a substantial building with well established associated gardens on the outskirts of the walled town on the southern edge of Suckeen Bog.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Plague is caused by <i>Yersinia Pestis</i>, and is generally transmitted by rat fleas ( <i>Xenopsylla cheopis</i>) but also human fleas <i>pulex irritans</i> (80 species of flea can carry it) with a reservoir of infection in many rodents but also cats and other animals (280 mammalian species can serve as carriers) . The classic carrier was the black rat <i>ratus ratus</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Y. pestis</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"> has been found in 3,800 year old skeletons but the first well documented pandemic was the so-called Justinian Plague in 540 CE in Byzantine Constantinople (killing about 1/5 population) the first of nearly 18 subsequent major waves of infection outbreaks (most notably the Black Death of 1340s) that also reached Ireland. The rat flea has a narrow high temperature and humidity requirement to survive and the spread to northern European parts was heavily dependent on climate factors in any one year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are three major presentations: bubonic and septicaemic which require the flea vector and pneumonic which is a human-to-human droplet infection. Bubonic plague, manifested by buboe swellings on lymph glands closest to site of bite, had a 50 -60% mortality whereas septicaemic and pneumonic presentations had a 95 -100% mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In October 1347 the Plague arrived in Messina, Sicily from Central Asia and from there throughout Europe with up to 25,000,000 deaths or a 1/3 of the population. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">In 1649, 20 years after the Plague Hospital was established, another Bubonic Plague outbreak in Galway was brought in by a Spanish Ship ( Andulasia and Baleric islands had another outbreak since 1647) and this outbreak was to kill 3,700 of the city’s 6,000 residents. Mortality at the same time in Spain/Kingdom of Naples was running at 41-70%. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">It was therefore remarkable that the adult survivors of the town were able to hold out against the Cromwell’s siege of Galway 2 years later, as the last town held by Roman Catholics. Following capture of the town a further devastating “plague” was visited on the inhabitants but this time it was louse-borne typhus introduced by the besieging army from England. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In modern times there were 2 unrelated plague cases in Yosemite National park in 2015 and a case in Mongolia in 2020 from eating infected marmot, a large ground squirrel. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 13</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJlLeGBOP_MZLLGxR0Za7K3dT7YFIQHDzFzQS3snQZFtUekdnwLF3ImLYiw77AcnDqAd0Fd0qWBnmFh8Jj9uG57SoyhviIFwXSt9f2iYHVn8q7tgrrngLUmZaKWA7Dk0puJoHV4jnGuLns_2HxGOFyqv65JkmEix-nEVPBfxlIjt-ZDwqhEOLNqdl/s1575/SICKEEN%20AND%20TB%20CLINIC.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1575" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJlLeGBOP_MZLLGxR0Za7K3dT7YFIQHDzFzQS3snQZFtUekdnwLF3ImLYiw77AcnDqAd0Fd0qWBnmFh8Jj9uG57SoyhviIFwXSt9f2iYHVn8q7tgrrngLUmZaKWA7Dk0puJoHV4jnGuLns_2HxGOFyqv65JkmEix-nEVPBfxlIjt-ZDwqhEOLNqdl/w476-h317/SICKEEN%20AND%20TB%20CLINIC.jpg" width="476" /></a></span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE CENTRAL GALWAY TB DISPENSARY<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Tuberculosis Prevention Act (Ireland) of 1908, inspired by the work of Dr Seamus O’Beirn’s – the Dispensary Doctor in Leeann - campaign in Connemara and Lady Aberdeen’s Womens National Health Association, authorised county councils to establish TB Dispensaries and Sanitoria. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1918 a Central TB Dispensary was established on land to the rear of the County Infirmary at the junction of Bóthar Na mBan and Sickeen Lane (St Brendan’s Avenue) meet and it is where Dr McConn managed the service. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bothar Na mBan in 1842 Ordnance Survey map was originally a small laneway from Sickeen Lane to rear of Infirmary and may have been named after the women who accessed the maternity part of the hospital this way.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1aD0DW-ljEDfCEhbJYgG_sWg8mIu_ZTc8uBaxQF84Va-iltaEQwQBulwVACJaB1HIpN4SCC1CTgToCiGdHfad4S3U5tnLfsF9yIgjpDGOLGO49SdBN2o4g2CohL7aCGrwMExyebTHKnUVoW1wGx3FVm7Hb7-wQio-JiAXFBVYLqGNFZhSz1incfd/s945/CHILDREN'S%20GRAVEYARD%20COUNTY%20INFIRMARY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="945" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1aD0DW-ljEDfCEhbJYgG_sWg8mIu_ZTc8uBaxQF84Va-iltaEQwQBulwVACJaB1HIpN4SCC1CTgToCiGdHfad4S3U5tnLfsF9yIgjpDGOLGO49SdBN2o4g2CohL7aCGrwMExyebTHKnUVoW1wGx3FVm7Hb7-wQio-JiAXFBVYLqGNFZhSz1incfd/w465-h310/CHILDREN'S%20GRAVEYARD%20COUNTY%20INFIRMARY.jpg" width="465" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Children's graveyard behind "County Infirmary" in what is now a car park and where the TB Dispensary once stood of stillborn and unbaptised neonates who were born in the "County" up to 1922.</span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1922 alone there were 1,680 patient attendances at the dispensary, 9 were detained in the dispensary and the TB nurse made 1,186 home visits. Until 1949 TB was responsible for 40% of young adult deaths. By that time attendances at the TB Dispensary on Bothar Na mBan were 3-4,000 per anum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Woodlands Sanitorium was opened in 1922. The city TB out-patient dispensary however operated on Bothar na mBan until 1955 when its services were transferred to new County Clinic in Shantalla. It then became the location for the County Library until being pulled down sometime in 1960s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 14</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXSp87r1wB_mLo5n3CKfoW-dXSMfeYwRCFeeI1_Ej57hQ0aWiGM_VFVdAyETBWW1ZMW_Wj0uNCvjua1FJEfe73AtefUQYVmCH8ugpoFA34EuRLy93aPfYLhDkjSdSUsHWV4IL7b6Zl6xQvd0eD1JJDma0CqnFzhe-uy_kTxGinRKCKQrmSwnfj-XA4/s1181/COUNTY%20INFIRMARY%20FRONT%20DOOR.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="787" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXSp87r1wB_mLo5n3CKfoW-dXSMfeYwRCFeeI1_Ej57hQ0aWiGM_VFVdAyETBWW1ZMW_Wj0uNCvjua1FJEfe73AtefUQYVmCH8ugpoFA34EuRLy93aPfYLhDkjSdSUsHWV4IL7b6Zl6xQvd0eD1JJDma0CqnFzhe-uy_kTxGinRKCKQrmSwnfj-XA4/w349-h524/COUNTY%20INFIRMARY%20FRONT%20DOOR.jpg" width="349" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;">County Infirmary front door preserved in Atrium of</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;">County Buildings, Prospect Hill</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">COUNTY INFIRMARY, PROSPECT HILL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">1802 – 1892<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">COUNTY PUBLICK LYING-IN (MATERNITY HOSPITAL)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">1802 -1824 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY HOSPITAL<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">1892 – 1922<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY BRANCH HOSPITAL (SURGICAL CASES) 1922 - 1924<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Following passage of “An Act for erecting and establishing publick infirmaries or hospitals in this kingdom” (Counties Infirmaries Act 1766; 5 Geo III,c.20) “state enabled” County Infirmaries were established in the principal county towns throughout Ireland. Some counties had Infirmaries in two locations. The Galway County Infirmary was begun 1767 but did not get ‘established’ fully until 1802. The Infirmary was located on a site that in 1651 had been a Capuchin Monastery and by 1750s a large inn. The Infirmary, run by designated governors, was supported in the main by a cess on tenant farmers (not the owners of the land), tenants who ironically had no direct access to the hospital; and by the proceeds of the famous “Galway Bazaar” on one occasion and by direct patient payments or permits issued to donors. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyRgeGIa0ssANETWZhKe2dCHKk10sDqKE3Qb4WBIMVxOXC0p6T2W3X91n3kmtgLcTVQ9E0eQhDR8gPHvS8mAoVFMmN0uRaE7vn-BCzY2ZQ9zPvHHikQk5oiw4O8qkO2PQ9o7Zdm6-JQD8LMHbNNiX_lIeAPDl7C2t5d-l9_94RTeUMUwYR7pFXtexd/s2087/countyinfirmary.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1495" data-original-width="2087" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyRgeGIa0ssANETWZhKe2dCHKk10sDqKE3Qb4WBIMVxOXC0p6T2W3X91n3kmtgLcTVQ9E0eQhDR8gPHvS8mAoVFMmN0uRaE7vn-BCzY2ZQ9zPvHHikQk5oiw4O8qkO2PQ9o7Zdm6-JQD8LMHbNNiX_lIeAPDl7C2t5d-l9_94RTeUMUwYR7pFXtexd/w477-h342/countyinfirmary.jpg" width="477" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">A County surgeon was appointed, after examination in anatomy and surgery by the County Infirmaries Board, to every Infirmary. The oversight establishment of the 1766 Infirmaries Act pre-dated the establishment of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1784 by 18 years. Surgeon Thomas Wilkins in the Galway Infirmary was deemed exempt from examination because he had served in the British Army.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The appointment of County Physicians to the County Infirmaries, in contrast, was supervised from early on, following an amending Act in 1768, by the King and Queen’s College of Physicians in Ireland (founded 1654).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Rules and Regulations<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The rules and regulations, "to be strictly adhered to", make interesting reading:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Rule VII<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>No patient to be allowed to spit or dirty the walls or floor of the house, as spitting boxes and bed pots are provided for the purpose; and no smoking of pipes allowed on any account in the wards.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dr Veitch<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Catholic Scottish First Medical Superintendent<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUB_0U3xopv6iWGjJyp7bdZ-56pLJuEwMK7yhwRwlJkEVz16wsKgOLrPcsYqR3U2Oi1qZL1OsfefACS_AfMYyj-QRt_9nUVu2_lLPsK60IFQqqvwdnRzODfVSOWypprxXs4i6uaUmQmiRwD28Nwf0Aug1uVX8T8Ql-7vgBkwF4vx2uZiJKN3JbQ4g/s891/1908-clinical-teaching-580x656.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="891" data-original-width="787" height="479" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUB_0U3xopv6iWGjJyp7bdZ-56pLJuEwMK7yhwRwlJkEVz16wsKgOLrPcsYqR3U2Oi1qZL1OsfefACS_AfMYyj-QRt_9nUVu2_lLPsK60IFQqqvwdnRzODfVSOWypprxXs4i6uaUmQmiRwD28Nwf0Aug1uVX8T8Ql-7vgBkwF4vx2uZiJKN3JbQ4g/w424-h479/1908-clinical-teaching-580x656.jpg" width="424" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The County Hospital traditionally served patients from the County and did not provide meaningful access to patients from the Town of Galway. In addition there were very poor relations between the Infirmary and the Queens College with the superintendent blocking access, forcing most Galway medical students to get their clinical attachments outside Galway. The new Galway Hospital Act of 1892 sidelined the old and fairly rotten political and medical administration, removed the restriction on admission of townspeople, formalised full access of Queen's College medical students and professors for teaching and was renamed the Galway Hospital.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><span lang="EN-US"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 15</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuo82VaHffeAzvF0fmymOsvLGm1-xT2KMY-Ry830QG9rWkqGLAU883f4n4C2nZSvRQurTr4jZIDkvoheZUpp1LabeqTUs90gVNu-sxnd9A00IT3GG0PnKHU1lmTsInI6MylT3ide6pPHBXc8ZontjSC6BCMIzPHj_UgKW9nZyIL-E9qVNvhNR8a58/s1732/GALWAY%201651%20MAP%20HOSPITALS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1166" data-original-width="1732" height="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOuo82VaHffeAzvF0fmymOsvLGm1-xT2KMY-Ry830QG9rWkqGLAU883f4n4C2nZSvRQurTr4jZIDkvoheZUpp1LabeqTUs90gVNu-sxnd9A00IT3GG0PnKHU1lmTsInI6MylT3ide6pPHBXc8ZontjSC6BCMIzPHj_UgKW9nZyIL-E9qVNvhNR8a58/w561-h377/GALWAY%201651%20MAP%20HOSPITALS.jpg" width="561" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The 1651 Pictorial Map of Galway showing site of Plaque, St Brigid's and </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">St Mary's-on-the-Hill Leper hospitals.</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">ST. BRIDGET’S (St. BRIGID'S) CHAPEL AND LEPER-HOSPITAL PROSPECT HILL GALWAY <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Founded in 1542 by the Corporation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Hospital played a major role in containment in 1571 of one of the last outbreaks of English Sweating Sickness, (<i>sudor Anglicus</i>) a highly contagious and lethal (<24hrs) disease that mysteriously appeared in 1485 after the Battle of Bosworth and had sporadic Spring outbreaks between 1485 and 1550s. The "sickness" devastated Tudor England until it then mysteriously disappeared again. Sudor Anglicus has been postulated in recent years to be possibly caused a rodent borne <i>hantavirus</i> with a very aggressive cardiopulmonary and high fever presentation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">St. Bridget’s Hospital was destroyed by Red Hugh O’Donnell’s soldiers in their attack on Galway in 1597. Rebuilt by the Corporation in 1614 it remained operational until 1652. It then fell into disuse and was occupied by squatters in 1688.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio20ThPm3qv4iJ4-MZe5fjB3Ik4fbcDyhLtCKX2uTBMtQp2XEOPxFebtuZgPVO8f6YZ6SSeHYlbDsdoR_HrGK2swG7huRNclFC8zTcYOR0CjvoNSBt1t__Sp3ZDLy6mkAvZrs5wbQpjX80VoRALZ9m0NruskKBGo-rbyRiYSWXUpmNLaaRm_OSUP_y/s1575/St%20Brigids%201651%20plan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1575" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio20ThPm3qv4iJ4-MZe5fjB3Ik4fbcDyhLtCKX2uTBMtQp2XEOPxFebtuZgPVO8f6YZ6SSeHYlbDsdoR_HrGK2swG7huRNclFC8zTcYOR0CjvoNSBt1t__Sp3ZDLy6mkAvZrs5wbQpjX80VoRALZ9m0NruskKBGo-rbyRiYSWXUpmNLaaRm_OSUP_y/w522-h372/St%20Brigids%201651%20plan.jpg" width="522" /></a></span></span></div><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span></span><p></p><p class="Default" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">James Hardiman states that,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The Hospital of St Bridget, in the east suburbs, was founded for the poor of the town, and each burgess was obliged, in his turn, to send a maid servant to collect alms every Sabbath day for its support.”<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggcO5YsUO1sA7xmu0VBtXs8g3JBf8RsNw-lRCPD9NKHeA9ZBYvcJtPTa7e1J5FO3pI7CHDcg-rQJEDwSOJfQ9qq0LDZk54uws55HniQyh16-6dojIj24ejjPxaqQC4Q0RAmi5HHSrLFaLvN3r3SWESEflg08oI5l9pVwvDjVGKFPA6TQV7Ly1EfupW/s1102/St%20Bridget's%20Terrace.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="1102" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggcO5YsUO1sA7xmu0VBtXs8g3JBf8RsNw-lRCPD9NKHeA9ZBYvcJtPTa7e1J5FO3pI7CHDcg-rQJEDwSOJfQ9qq0LDZk54uws55HniQyh16-6dojIj24ejjPxaqQC4Q0RAmi5HHSrLFaLvN3r3SWESEflg08oI5l9pVwvDjVGKFPA6TQV7Ly1EfupW/w416-h312/St%20Bridget's%20Terrace.jpg" width="416" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">St Bridget's Terrace opens onto Bohermore at where the new Dean Hotel now occupies the site where St Bridgets Chapel and Leper Hospital once stood. Also in the hotel basement is the remnant of the 1890s Galway-Clifden Railway line tunnel.</span></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><span lang="EN-US"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATIONS 16 (& 27)</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh8n2mHM-KercdBUFAcfLXEXjN3ohxGmXdWbHUq3R9YFqP3FAP_XEcIYSytb4q3aW4eGuua2-855LDPODu3PR_h5vUcqWe4qvydoZ5GpCFLhDMalMTTYkdYJzyPShxgGNh_pfmS0mwQSIIARtluv1jF250NpPy3GvF60m_3OQi20aXOZpVyY5oL8Qh/s1432/MAGDALEN%20PLAN%201944.jpg" style="font-family: Cambria; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1432" data-original-width="1181" height="533" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh8n2mHM-KercdBUFAcfLXEXjN3ohxGmXdWbHUq3R9YFqP3FAP_XEcIYSytb4q3aW4eGuua2-855LDPODu3PR_h5vUcqWe4qvydoZ5GpCFLhDMalMTTYkdYJzyPShxgGNh_pfmS0mwQSIIARtluv1jF250NpPy3GvF60m_3OQi20aXOZpVyY5oL8Qh/w439-h533/MAGDALEN%20PLAN%201944.jpg" width="439" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">WIDOWS AND ORPHANS ASYLUM (CATHOLIC) 1824 -1870</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM AND LAUNDRY 1870 -1984<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The original Magdalene Asylum was established off Lombard Street in 1822 by a Ms Lynch and a lay Association of Mary Magdalene. In 1840 the Sisters of Mercy had come to Galway and in 1851 took charge of the Lombard Street Magdalene Asylum after Ms. Lynch had died. By this stage they had also been invited to take over the nursing care in the Workhouse Union Hospital. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Widows and Orphans Asylum on Forster St. was first established in 1824 by a Rev Mark Finn, the Catholic Parish Priest of St. Nicholas Parish. The building subsequently came to be owned by the wealthy merchant Sebastian Nolan, and in 1870 he bequeathed it to the Sisters of Mercy. They subsequently moved the Magdalene Asylum and Laundry from Lombard St. to Forster St.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nolan had made his money importing Peruvian guano fertiliser, and he was the founder of the original Galway Golf Club on Gentian Hill, on a course designed by Col Jourdain of the Connaught Rangers. A lifelong bachelor, it is said that the love of his life rejected him and became a sister of Mercy. In his will of 1907 (he died playing golf with local parish priest) he also left his home Seamount Villa and vegetables from his garden to the Sisters of Mercy. He left the today’s equivalent of €5.2 million to the Archbishop of Tuam. Seamount Villa later became a maternity nursing home until the lease ran out in 1952.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPifiHku--qphjalDkvH0fuwA-wJCnWSOtWmxpK_KDWa2GTiNbjgmZiQbGmwCwRfEFOxWHDtAOenritTB9rp4QnzE-3OK1DusWaUWTOWu8JCwa08Gg6DSlQ7VWOgh9bhVzYZ6JwyXbRgr_pZFOaPkTb_BOUJ8yjMsb7h2eKUCsiifC0_njm4KPbZg/s1417/MAGDALEN%201839.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1265" data-original-width="1417" height="453" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHPifiHku--qphjalDkvH0fuwA-wJCnWSOtWmxpK_KDWa2GTiNbjgmZiQbGmwCwRfEFOxWHDtAOenritTB9rp4QnzE-3OK1DusWaUWTOWu8JCwa08Gg6DSlQ7VWOgh9bhVzYZ6JwyXbRgr_pZFOaPkTb_BOUJ8yjMsb7h2eKUCsiifC0_njm4KPbZg/w506-h453/MAGDALEN%201839.jpg" width="506" /></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Magdalene Laundries were not happy places. Indeed where illicit pregnancies were concerned they became the site of incarceration of <i>repeat “</i>offenders” as is evident from the provisions of the <b>Local Government (Temporary provisions) Act, 1923</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Unmarried Mothers</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. Unmarried Mothers are divided into two classes:—<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">(a) First offenders, to be dealt with in the same institution as children.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">(b) Old offenders to be sent to Magdalen Asylum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unmarried Mothers who come within Class (b) shall be offered an opportunity of relief and retrievement in the Magdalen Asylum, Galway, upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed on between the Executive Committee and the Sisters in Charge of the Magdalen Asylum. If necessary the Committee may make arrangements with other Institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Persons in Class (b) who refuse to enter such Institutions as may be selected shall not be allowed, under any circumstances to become chargeable to the public rates.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The societal attitude pertaining in the nascent Irish state in the 1920s in particular to containment of unmarried mothers and the subsequent management of both their live and dead babies has left a legacy which is not yet fully resolved.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In May 1926 the Committee submitted a recommendation to the Board of Health that it ‘…<i>arrange for the establishment of a Maternity ward in the County Home for unmarried mothers</i> (the Bon Secours run home in Tuam), <i>as the admission of this class of patients to the Maternity Department of the Central Hospital tends to prevent <u>respectable</u> patients from seeking admission thereto</i>’ (GC6/5, 12 May 1926, p2 my underlining).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1927 the Committee passed the following resolution, <i>‘That considering the prevalence of sexual immorality, as evidenced by the number of illegitimate births at the Maternity Hospital in Galway, this Committee deplore the departure from the old Gaelic traditions of purity, caused, in our opinion by the lessening of parental control, and the lack of proper supervision on the occasion of dances and other entertainments of a similar nature, and we therefore most respectfully suggest to the Hierarchy of this County, to appeal to the people, through the Clergy, for a return to the old Gaelic customs, under which such scandals were practically unknown’</i> (GC6/6, 15 June 1927, pp5-6).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">LOCATION 17</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwGWW7hHIVSz4mDFxrjGA1L8jKDsE3lqItYsS8BGeX2_SQOA3BPCf88rjoH99YKpFTEN6d3DnKwxMDdoF-CyySeZGDzH8sxP8tA8SUey1rv-ze7_osJkJr8a6jKlXSF3czLiTVAIcj7svMdE8klrpDqldZUtQ-qOVTW5Hfyg-KfAAAzo0k9RS2YkV/s1575/LOUGH%20ATALIA.1944.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1085" data-original-width="1575" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwGWW7hHIVSz4mDFxrjGA1L8jKDsE3lqItYsS8BGeX2_SQOA3BPCf88rjoH99YKpFTEN6d3DnKwxMDdoF-CyySeZGDzH8sxP8tA8SUey1rv-ze7_osJkJr8a6jKlXSF3czLiTVAIcj7svMdE8klrpDqldZUtQ-qOVTW5Hfyg-KfAAAzo0k9RS2YkV/w489-h336/LOUGH%20ATALIA.1944.jpg" width="489" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">WOODLANDS TB SANITORIUM 1924 -1954<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">WOODLANDS ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL 1954 -1962<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyFwTshT5eybiJVUI8Pn7nJZG9mWqL2HJCmK0eEcjG0PoXJpz2rl4BlBqFYjCrUU9OE7-iSFmNzwD3C3W-3YdADEZyUJZFuddt2swhzKo6p4AMUdP8Rlmi8jboSCUwsHeX-13Y6eiOxz1W4k3AhjcSA3uk3hhctcGn8Wg5KKVooKgTS1HhalnwZGFM/s945/WOODLANDS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="945" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyFwTshT5eybiJVUI8Pn7nJZG9mWqL2HJCmK0eEcjG0PoXJpz2rl4BlBqFYjCrUU9OE7-iSFmNzwD3C3W-3YdADEZyUJZFuddt2swhzKo6p4AMUdP8Rlmi8jboSCUwsHeX-13Y6eiOxz1W4k3AhjcSA3uk3hhctcGn8Wg5KKVooKgTS1HhalnwZGFM/w465-h291/WOODLANDS.jpg" width="465" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>The original Renmore House that became the core of the Woodlands TB </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Sanatorium in 1924</span></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the early 1920s both medical (respiratory) and surgical Tuberculosis patients were overwhelming the capacity of the Central Hospital to manage them. In 1924 Renmore House at the northern tip of Lough Atalia inlet, on 17 acres was bought and converted to a Sanatorium and renamed Woodlands. In the years that followed a 10 bedded wooden chalet and two 40 bed pavilions were added because of the demand. In 1952 the respiratory TB patients were transferred to the new Merlin Park campus on the East side of Galway and the Sanatorium became a TB orthopaedic Hospital until it also transferred to Merlin Park in 1957. The site was taken over by the Brothers of Charity for their service commitment to children with intellectual disabilities and their families.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHShdEj1usP6WVX3XEQCKahQq9VA3XmbssQ-whQBV5LIeKSlKscun9brpGdPumLz2oaUsDB6sd2_t6M2IElSpyewgIpsoOgWEjGmdOJ2nil5uAOd53B5wg-Kp6-U2gH94f_zQnr28OgmDYYFwP4cGuheJzd6B_Nz-JL53tGFBgqaXTfIbGfI4ol4j/s1378/LOUGH%20ATALIA%20WELL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="905" data-original-width="1378" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHShdEj1usP6WVX3XEQCKahQq9VA3XmbssQ-whQBV5LIeKSlKscun9brpGdPumLz2oaUsDB6sd2_t6M2IElSpyewgIpsoOgWEjGmdOJ2nil5uAOd53B5wg-Kp6-U2gH94f_zQnr28OgmDYYFwP4cGuheJzd6B_Nz-JL53tGFBgqaXTfIbGfI4ol4j/w520-h341/LOUGH%20ATALIA%20WELL.jpg" width="520" /></a></div><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">St. AUGUSTINE'S WELL</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">Tim Robinson, the die-hard Yorkshireman who became the greatest champion of the language of the Connemara lands ape wrote that as he became more aware of the cylindrical foreshore "holy wells", percolating up by tradition and usage throughout Connemara, he thought of them in existentialist terms as "<i>motes of almost tangible meaning in the endlessness of the incomprehensible</i>" and as an "<i>inexhaustible reservoir of the possibilities of life</i>."</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXzvGMbMAcduwpvQnBkPfI4WgpvYrt-BPRNBSRZ4rMZ-CYGQcipJRlSgqI21w16jwkb_JCmgSMyJqxJdXBmcA7KCHB5vIKJ9rIplo2wnNJBXFpvm09pAQDuZxitGbgoUaivyOknojcYUaadh23ZxR_x69tUrq0n54uYZxdGCj9lhj7GQvpmjzzGfKP/s1378/ST%20AUGUSTINE'S%20WELL%20LOUGH%20ATALIA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="1378" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXzvGMbMAcduwpvQnBkPfI4WgpvYrt-BPRNBSRZ4rMZ-CYGQcipJRlSgqI21w16jwkb_JCmgSMyJqxJdXBmcA7KCHB5vIKJ9rIplo2wnNJBXFpvm09pAQDuZxitGbgoUaivyOknojcYUaadh23ZxR_x69tUrq0n54uYZxdGCj9lhj7GQvpmjzzGfKP/w499-h374/ST%20AUGUSTINE'S%20WELL%20LOUGH%20ATALIA.jpg" width="499" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">As you walk northwards towards Woodlands on the west perimeter tidal shoreline of Lough Atalia there is St. Augustine's Holy Well and from a medical perspective its waters has long been associated with the traditional treatment of "Eye & Ear Ailments".</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">LOCATION 18</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5eeYiKmjJyYipS9tch3NXvs1sjAYOUucg5AkjT9vJGDBcZP9WrmKjh41dfXuJY0vrKpdl0lUuIyEj4rnbtO6vOnEk6zHqwyi0gn11_uJyliKJoyqqBJsIj-olMy7-CXVV2u5PB51PUceLpWhNnpRGwJBdnnVsSZt8KdRhtuEAg8jnnMg5lV3NBX_q/s1378/BON%20SECOURS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="688" data-original-width="1378" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5eeYiKmjJyYipS9tch3NXvs1sjAYOUucg5AkjT9vJGDBcZP9WrmKjh41dfXuJY0vrKpdl0lUuIyEj4rnbtO6vOnEk6zHqwyi0gn11_uJyliKJoyqqBJsIj-olMy7-CXVV2u5PB51PUceLpWhNnpRGwJBdnnVsSZt8KdRhtuEAg8jnnMg5lV3NBX_q/w548-h274/BON%20SECOURS.jpg" width="548" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Bon Secours Hospital, Renmore, Galway from front gate. May 2022</span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">CALVARY HOSPITAL 1953 -1985<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">CALVARY MATERNITY HOSPITAL (PRIVATE) 1953 – 1975<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALVIA HOSPITAL 1986 -1999<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">BON SECOURS HOSPITAL 1999 – <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The "Blue Nuns" or Sisters of the Little Company ofMary, were a vocational order dedicated to the care of the sick and dying. Founded in 1877 they first came to Ireland in 1888. They established a 70 bed hospital in 1953 and withdrew from its management and control due to diminishing vocations in 1984.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiDltcbX93WAVCRD5deFYXPDes61IbLkK6aVmKuS8R1mTQACUY3Pc5BRgJbmCwrWa8zPfptxghH-b0n0bgam-NwJAqZiZar92CjOnZJCcrdlmvNreFLLKgDYjes-tf5m-X_qQRM7zUZhktiSHwGyFG_GJG_hcBEvuCUVuTjVqf3khME-yIuFkW0quN/s1102/CALVARY%20HOSPITAL%201960.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="1102" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiDltcbX93WAVCRD5deFYXPDes61IbLkK6aVmKuS8R1mTQACUY3Pc5BRgJbmCwrWa8zPfptxghH-b0n0bgam-NwJAqZiZar92CjOnZJCcrdlmvNreFLLKgDYjes-tf5m-X_qQRM7zUZhktiSHwGyFG_GJG_hcBEvuCUVuTjVqf3khME-yIuFkW0quN/w443-h313/CALVARY%20HOSPITAL%201960.jpg" width="443" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Calvary Hospital c. 1953 after construction</div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Bon Secours Nuns originally had come to County Galway from Dublin to take over the nursing care of the Infirmary and Children's section in Glenamaddy Workhouse in 1916. Following the burning down of the Workhouse by the IRA in 1921 of the workhouse the Sisters moved to the new County Children's Home ( and at request of Central Hospital Governors) and future maternity hospital for unmarried mothers in the Grove, Tuam. In 1999 the Bon Secours Sisters took over Galvia Hospital. Thanks to the work of historian Catherine Corless it is now acknowledged that the children's graveyard attached to the former Children's Home in Tuan is thought to contain the remains of up to 800 poorly if not undocumented children and neonates who died. </span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><br /></span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">LOCATION 19</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">RENMORE BARRACKS MILITARY HOSPITAL 1880 – 1922<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbwgno0JkRVXq0ZVUUmTfpaqBOr6gdYE8k7Pc9LUL00Dqd7EolhjGvztoz_v_Kqq7mPqb2gzkTw8BXYtCPiOsrasaJ0ovdWK5FKEB0IYu6Pumabs3a2fyGMN_fRh_wr9zJ7ESbzCRsl9tnPCOnw00UT7jweVioWUEDvHDdgN4cVms3ghH2jnVoxkhe/s1677/RENMORE%20MILITARY%20HOSPITAL%20PLANS%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1053" data-original-width="1677" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbwgno0JkRVXq0ZVUUmTfpaqBOr6gdYE8k7Pc9LUL00Dqd7EolhjGvztoz_v_Kqq7mPqb2gzkTw8BXYtCPiOsrasaJ0ovdWK5FKEB0IYu6Pumabs3a2fyGMN_fRh_wr9zJ7ESbzCRsl9tnPCOnw00UT7jweVioWUEDvHDdgN4cVms3ghH2jnVoxkhe/w555-h348/RENMORE%20MILITARY%20HOSPITAL%20PLANS%201.jpg" width="555" /></a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>Plans for Rinmore (Renmore) Barracks Hospital</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px; text-align: left;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); clear: both; color: black; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span>1855</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Decision to close Castle Barracks and Military Hospital in the town in late 1840s. New Barracks and Hospital designed by Captain Marcus Dill, Royal Engineers in 1855 but not built and occupied until 1880. Dill had died in 1867.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgep65-Locy0VKDXsMB5rDFWi6beq04FuTfMT2tdpiVJUGXIQ4aTeaEo-9xOaQvHRBFo7G--eSZ6-AsUqFzjphuh04LBAzGFdKvMkUwPSxE5QdQVilwJRDXUzHEnBNDTAwqpiYuym4gNP67qTgPyvgBWmf2iVXv75w3bmGDsDWJ9Osdodmyci6zzxE2/s1102/Military%20Hospital%20renmore.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1102" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgep65-Locy0VKDXsMB5rDFWi6beq04FuTfMT2tdpiVJUGXIQ4aTeaEo-9xOaQvHRBFo7G--eSZ6-AsUqFzjphuh04LBAzGFdKvMkUwPSxE5QdQVilwJRDXUzHEnBNDTAwqpiYuym4gNP67qTgPyvgBWmf2iVXv75w3bmGDsDWJ9Osdodmyci6zzxE2/w524-h325/Military%20Hospital%20renmore.jpg" width="524" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">The "Arts & Crafts" Military Hospital, Renmore.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Arts and Crafts design of building and the hospital ward layout influenced by the Florence Nightingale contribution to the Royal Commission in 1859 advocating a switch from the long wall bed system to the better ventilated and easier nursed hospital Pavillion system and ward lay out ( introduced into UK via France by the surgeon Robertson in the Manchester Lying-In hospital and George Goodwin editor of the Builder) where the ward was separated by a lobby from lavatory and scullery provisions and had a good ventilation and heating system. British Military hospital reform with the active encouragement and participation of Nightingale had been driven by Douglas Galton and Dr John Sutherland of the Army Sanitary Commission from 1861.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Renmore Barracks St. Patrick’s Church across the road from Military Hospital was designed by a Sgt Major J.D. Passmore, RE and commissioned and paid for by Lt. Col Francis Hercy. It was completed in 1884.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzFBT4Q5Dvd0lCINQzuE8Ns2eb2YlWcDhWuaKZk9rzm0Mc0G7seT0lB1hloNzOkZ2Q4Tnoo_FV-kP2G8xZP25zZiUwoFnrV4QsuEEAohT_eK2LvVgGGFVAUvduEAcgp3AMxt-s2qdeI5vH2zWCqTeIgdo20TaVTg-nkle0Dolh2sJaojhgodTzJtKo/s1181/DEADMAN'S%20BEACH.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1181" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzFBT4Q5Dvd0lCINQzuE8Ns2eb2YlWcDhWuaKZk9rzm0Mc0G7seT0lB1hloNzOkZ2Q4Tnoo_FV-kP2G8xZP25zZiUwoFnrV4QsuEEAohT_eK2LvVgGGFVAUvduEAcgp3AMxt-s2qdeI5vH2zWCqTeIgdo20TaVTg-nkle0Dolh2sJaojhgodTzJtKo/w461-h251/DEADMAN'S%20BEACH.jpg" width="461" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Deadman's Beach to West of Renmore Barracks </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">(Dún Uí Mhaoiliosa or Liam Mellows Barracks)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"><span>When walking back alomng the coast from the Military Hospital at Renmore you traverse this sandy beach. Local lore has it that the reporting of a washed-up exotically dressed body early </span><span>in 15th century ( perhaps the body of a Guanche from Fuerteventura?) to the visiting trader to Galway, Christopher Columbus convinced him there was a land mass and peoples to the west beyond the Atlantic.</span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span><br /></span></span><p></p><span lang="EN-GB"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 20</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguDZlm-YISgci-ZliJkDdCwsDdSOj_Xw3Ra4IqP7dgoU9WH6qAyEq74xIlbOKwDBcGk6Azw_MqtMIbYmkKiF1_lLh516rAhjpX9gvNSIRxdwrLPuWGNm3D42xYzG95cFluEzz--U6nENWkOAiCMgt4vIZrBPw_hADZFyMIBhu9PgQy1YpGWz-TAaiJ/s2362/galway%20docks%2025%22%20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1540" data-original-width="2362" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguDZlm-YISgci-ZliJkDdCwsDdSOj_Xw3Ra4IqP7dgoU9WH6qAyEq74xIlbOKwDBcGk6Azw_MqtMIbYmkKiF1_lLh516rAhjpX9gvNSIRxdwrLPuWGNm3D42xYzG95cFluEzz--U6nENWkOAiCMgt4vIZrBPw_hADZFyMIBhu9PgQy1YpGWz-TAaiJ/w586-h383/galway%20docks%2025%22%20.jpg" width="586" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE CHOLERA ISOLATION HOSPITAL 1895 -1907 <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY PORT SANITARY INTERCEPTING HOSPITAL 1907 – 1948<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">BRITISH ARMY ISOLATION HOSPITAL Dec 1920 -March 1921; Jan 1922 -March 1922<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The physical building at Rinville Point no longer exists. The building was burnt down in a fire in 1966 and in 1996 the remaining masonry and footprint of the hospital was eradicated when reclaiming and expanding the land around Rinville Point for the new Galway Harbour Docks Development.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDvikczsJ7tUdO-71VZL1OgH_X0Uu2_RWV1hIsfVkVZtpKCRFgQ_jZfRPHEn26t5WGJkYPUASzPyg6-4doJLrF_xE-L-mwv01nFiJ66bR2QoyYURIiuSfai73t5OpykkW9r3ppxkFGS3-d3ZAu-p7aBcX8JjxsxOdZ7D23WUdT4MpKHNX_EguQrChu/s1890/Isolation%20Hospital%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1054" data-original-width="1890" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDvikczsJ7tUdO-71VZL1OgH_X0Uu2_RWV1hIsfVkVZtpKCRFgQ_jZfRPHEn26t5WGJkYPUASzPyg6-4doJLrF_xE-L-mwv01nFiJ66bR2QoyYURIiuSfai73t5OpykkW9r3ppxkFGS3-d3ZAu-p7aBcX8JjxsxOdZ7D23WUdT4MpKHNX_EguQrChu/w545-h303/Isolation%20Hospital%201.jpg" width="545" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">Cholera Hospital Ruin c. 1992. New bridge to future GalwayEnterprise Park just completed.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Hospital was first established in 1895 following the Cholera Hospitals (Ireland) Act 1893. By 1907 a fire destroyed the older Cholera Isolation Hospital building and the same year a new isolation hospital known as the Port Sanitary Intercepting Hospital was built on the same site at a cost of £630-00. It was never a very busy hospital as the great waves of cholera that had first hit in 1832 and persisted throughout the Great Famine years (particularly during 1848-49) had receded somewhat. In addition the hospital had come under the control of the Harbour authorities rather than District or County management.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGQp1jEc8SPK_TNSnsWQUSv5wS4u0NxIWOyjj0eB02U53XWequwEgBBhYqULfZnqVnYzKi2cTnTeeEru3tC1tAtHr1cBx4t3-WZwUOhkHlpnRXZwR4NoVOtELSmv6eywAi2Bjrp_p_bjJgGE_zwUdFD5O936b73N8eDszCJg4sYjgNKSRS4m6yQUnH/s2698/Isolation%20Hospital%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2698" data-original-width="1654" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGQp1jEc8SPK_TNSnsWQUSv5wS4u0NxIWOyjj0eB02U53XWequwEgBBhYqULfZnqVnYzKi2cTnTeeEru3tC1tAtHr1cBx4t3-WZwUOhkHlpnRXZwR4NoVOtELSmv6eywAi2Bjrp_p_bjJgGE_zwUdFD5O936b73N8eDszCJg4sYjgNKSRS4m6yQUnH/s320/Isolation%20Hospital%202.jpg" width="196" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Lighthouse Keepers Jim & Martin Fleming returning to Port past</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">abandoned Cholera Hospital at Rinmore Pt. 1951</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">One occupation of the hospital was to reach the level of UK parliamentary debate however in 1911 when 4 patients from a Norwegian ship with “beri-beri” were transferred there from the central Fever Hospital. One of these individuals was very belligerent and an attendant (much to the annoyance and cost of the Harbour Board) had to be hired to “mind” him. Three nurses and one attending medical officer were employed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">It became a military hospital in Dec 1920, on and off over 6 months. One of the last people to die in the isolation hospital was while it was under control of British military. A Michael Mullins, a former Galway footballer was transferred there with a fever from the “hell hole” internment centre in the Galway Town Hall and died from pneumonia on 3 Jan 1921. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">In 1930 the Port sanitation officer reported that he had destroyed a “suspect” parrot under the mandate of the Importation of Parrots Act 1930. Disused by 1946, it burnt out in a fire in 1966 and in 1994 was razed to the ground as part of the harbour development plan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">There was also a Port Disinfection Station in the Commercial Dock.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 21</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhydzacn4X-IFPXDICI9o_KyhBtGzaX3jqo_UQ8t-FfoLBmDElX_PubVtySlakwInTjmv7c_5oFXCWq4bXAiHfBUXGkWr-KHR1AEDMaMh_soaxp7ogIXKt9g65DeDYqIB97XpkH9_unMdkBvJtJ14Ty6uAI910QDl0xGxDjjI9VSi_kbqT87WA5pzHA/s1476/eyre%20square%20templars.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1476" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhydzacn4X-IFPXDICI9o_KyhBtGzaX3jqo_UQ8t-FfoLBmDElX_PubVtySlakwInTjmv7c_5oFXCWq4bXAiHfBUXGkWr-KHR1AEDMaMh_soaxp7ogIXKt9g65DeDYqIB97XpkH9_unMdkBvJtJ14Ty6uAI910QDl0xGxDjjI9VSi_kbqT87WA5pzHA/w473-h347/eyre%20square%20templars.jpg" width="473" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">Eyre Square and the oval area on the 1651 map that Hardiman identifies </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;">as the location of a Knights Templar hospice.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">POSSIBLE SITE OF KNIGHTS HOSPITALLER (TEMPLAR) CONVENT/HOSPICE 1230s - 1312<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hardiman in his history of Galway, and based on his interpretation of an oval area of ground on the 1651 map, writes in relation to the Catholic Military Order the Knight Templars (Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon),<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">“This famous Order had a convent here beyond the East Gate, but it was supressed in 1312, and its possessions granted by Edward II to Hospitalliers of St. John of Jerusalem. The circular foundation of this ancient building may be seen on the old map [1651 Pictorial Map] of the town at the S.W. corner of the Green.”</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4HzUPpfwqpsxLrM80IbZMxAVoHXrWnPmWVnFuNESzQ7Xw9FWkvp0NftdXxP_wcamOCGTmBH8YjIttfeF9CY5ILdyhZicY4rC0CwNQqsyh9_YkE52MKrUS3Yzm-dbVlHeqI7nyq9x4FDHG38sVgDf6Fd59O2ZRZUFzbofVA_5nHvSXK-DRY7fyJWN3/s1102/Eyre%20Square%20Templar%20site.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="1102" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4HzUPpfwqpsxLrM80IbZMxAVoHXrWnPmWVnFuNESzQ7Xw9FWkvp0NftdXxP_wcamOCGTmBH8YjIttfeF9CY5ILdyhZicY4rC0CwNQqsyh9_YkE52MKrUS3Yzm-dbVlHeqI7nyq9x4FDHG38sVgDf6Fd59O2ZRZUFzbofVA_5nHvSXK-DRY7fyJWN3/w461-h294/Eyre%20Square%20Templar%20site.jpg" width="461" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Eyre Square, Galway looking towards the area (shaded purple) reputed to have had a Templar</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">round tower/house hospice in the early 13th century.</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Knights Templar were a Military Order that developed a Hospitallier and Banking function as part of their expansion. The Knights of St John of Jerusalem were a Hospitallier Order (taking over the pre-Crusade hospital run by Amalfi merchants in Jerusalem that developed into the 1,000 bed St John's Hospital) that subsequently also evolved into a military Order.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 22</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Zg9m4OIXO9nrQcQTtUKRkM87_Hudrr2AhvBnoWX58uIGcRBhxeopLlC4bYmnpkmK3mD52qhFzk2E8859GE3nJCUG36sRSpBwwDguXPyrOPy5KP-reVu_spbD1AK4Z8Y9W3HuyyIDFYcreit5MB0QPT7RLZzK82Ab0huPlSM8mXcHbp6V-HNVsAlS/s1417/CASTLE%20BARRACKS%20HOSPITAL%201839%20STREET.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="1063" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Zg9m4OIXO9nrQcQTtUKRkM87_Hudrr2AhvBnoWX58uIGcRBhxeopLlC4bYmnpkmK3mD52qhFzk2E8859GE3nJCUG36sRSpBwwDguXPyrOPy5KP-reVu_spbD1AK4Z8Y9W3HuyyIDFYcreit5MB0QPT7RLZzK82Ab0huPlSM8mXcHbp6V-HNVsAlS/w400-h534/CASTLE%20BARRACKS%20HOSPITAL%201839%20STREET.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">GALWAY 1839</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">CASTLE OR UPPER CITADEL BARRACK HOSPITAL</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">The Castle Street Barracks, incorporating the 1652 Upper Citadel of town defensive walls, was built in 1734 and by 1837 it had a formalised hospital with a bedding store, kitchen, sergeant's quarters, 5 wards, a surgery, and dead house or mortuary. Closed c.1880 with opening of Renmore Barracks and demolished in 1985. Hospital probably partly demolished or re-used earlier. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv1xpMqG86KSmtH0C2IIFmVehNZd0s-FYTa6D7fKwx49C2JSsrpRb3AQA5Q9UtLk__4XeCgn-qmhZhoUdjHyW1mtZD6aKDkRSrnj17wI4P7P_3dPlH_Xat1r1ob-krYLKBfJ7g4Gil2F7E_4E3zS-djOtJw8lDgVMWasF5b1EXk1ubuAtIMMBQqDEj/s1501/CASTLE%20BARRACKS%20HOSPITAL%20PLAN%201864.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="1501" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv1xpMqG86KSmtH0C2IIFmVehNZd0s-FYTa6D7fKwx49C2JSsrpRb3AQA5Q9UtLk__4XeCgn-qmhZhoUdjHyW1mtZD6aKDkRSrnj17wI4P7P_3dPlH_Xat1r1ob-krYLKBfJ7g4Gil2F7E_4E3zS-djOtJw8lDgVMWasF5b1EXk1ubuAtIMMBQqDEj/w547-h340/CASTLE%20BARRACKS%20HOSPITAL%20PLAN%201864.jpg" width="547" /></a></span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-u8yLTRBWFi-IJn6v76xXtMKJh7lD-L5Sx8NQysyJkmCFmai4YrmWU0oZhvT1Yy2BlshW96Ohj7cbM0iKbwg5nh9DEYAgAOqIR93WTCvRwvEvaXVexTSH4VNIzg_2KzOEuBkRSgiOo3RSUP6n5SaiPIV3VkMwrW3cGn_ep10fCP4l9Wq8lD7RojA4/s945/CASTLE%20BARRACKS%20HOSPITAL%20DOORWAY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="945" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-u8yLTRBWFi-IJn6v76xXtMKJh7lD-L5Sx8NQysyJkmCFmai4YrmWU0oZhvT1Yy2BlshW96Ohj7cbM0iKbwg5nh9DEYAgAOqIR93WTCvRwvEvaXVexTSH4VNIzg_2KzOEuBkRSgiOo3RSUP6n5SaiPIV3VkMwrW3cGn_ep10fCP4l9Wq8lD7RojA4/w446-h297/CASTLE%20BARRACKS%20HOSPITAL%20DOORWAY.jpg" width="446" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Doorway into Castle Barracks Military Hospital Yard </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">with burnt wood lintel still in situ in May 2022. The second doorway </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">seen to left is a reflection in a new shelving mirror.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJCYaFi6saCqiUhJzMlkhS1r_Ejur0DwMkdyQt0MGqaciQP0yHhL5GwJISZHNhZQcIozxaaw27aL0J6GDuFAOYSnWgGrmgdRc-nYcQoLeq6yjpOWBGa7q6nQA6ghPcZwRd3wiO-VqguHKSYR_ObToRUUIq9NRr0K-DZpe-NA-pRWYbQCwgyQgkeTDO/s1102/CASTLE%20STREET%20GALWAY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1102" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJCYaFi6saCqiUhJzMlkhS1r_Ejur0DwMkdyQt0MGqaciQP0yHhL5GwJISZHNhZQcIozxaaw27aL0J6GDuFAOYSnWgGrmgdRc-nYcQoLeq6yjpOWBGa7q6nQA6ghPcZwRd3wiO-VqguHKSYR_ObToRUUIq9NRr0K-DZpe-NA-pRWYbQCwgyQgkeTDO/w469-h290/CASTLE%20STREET%20GALWAY.jpg" width="469" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Castle Street ( Barrack Lane) Galway. Green shading outlines extent of Hospital</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 25</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVIVKbWYGik0psWeZeEiuP8fN-quP_iQGWhTWPWct8S_WsfA1LBIQgLXteXvq6KczB9MLEtanztFPXsx5eNCc8s7fkn9N7hfXhwC2xTgYn1tOios3zwi5ovI6Srarcq9OUykTL-4QOnagnhNQKo1bVxylVbSPj4npfMWrBcNVk6l3gvdM7JkOwTzOB/s1367/sally%20longs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1367" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVIVKbWYGik0psWeZeEiuP8fN-quP_iQGWhTWPWct8S_WsfA1LBIQgLXteXvq6KczB9MLEtanztFPXsx5eNCc8s7fkn9N7hfXhwC2xTgYn1tOios3zwi5ovI6Srarcq9OUykTL-4QOnagnhNQKo1bVxylVbSPj4npfMWrBcNVk6l3gvdM7JkOwTzOB/w444-h293/sally%20longs.jpg" width="444" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sally Longs was the Galway Town Dispensary and Infirmary (as distinct from County Infirmary on Prospect Hill). It is situated outside the line of the old city walls where the Abbeygate stood.</div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY TOWN DISPENSARY AND INFIRMARY 1837 -1845</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Enabled by Dispensary Act 1805</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">First established using voluntary subscriptions in Galway 1822, moved to junction of Abbeygate St and Bowling Green in 1837 and then to Flood St in 1850, and to Workhouse Grounds in 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7u-YE_cwVG_g5S3jETRwbOSj5jwsiF23K5eZkPPrnXgVqpRCCQN3u6X1vybyuufaZ020Z1imv_eOabc41x76WhmuVo5TbXaOkobjwA9eNCHHoZ4_3b0KcvbtA9dj0EDdY8HYfqsD-rBIaTLGJ8iV8KU0euxLRrHmDEkDVE0dDzTvxrlilENAgRrZ/s4032/1651%20abbeygate.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7u-YE_cwVG_g5S3jETRwbOSj5jwsiF23K5eZkPPrnXgVqpRCCQN3u6X1vybyuufaZ020Z1imv_eOabc41x76WhmuVo5TbXaOkobjwA9eNCHHoZ4_3b0KcvbtA9dj0EDdY8HYfqsD-rBIaTLGJ8iV8KU0euxLRrHmDEkDVE0dDzTvxrlilENAgRrZ/w434-h325/1651%20abbeygate.jpg" width="434" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">Location of 1837 Dispensary in relation to 1651 Abbey Gate and Town Walls</span></div><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Taken over by Galway Poor Law Guardians 1851 following Dispensary Act of that year.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Dispensary moved to Shantalla clinic in 1955. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Dispensary system ceased in 1972.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In 1848 the City Dispensary recorded 2,376 attendances (black ticket) ,8,467 dispensions of medicines, 25 midwifery cases and 315 home visits (red ticket) <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: start;"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 26</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(1, 255, 255);"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoOdVntKA0ZNV5jBDw0yAL040oLLnIIYR-pJg17IdZiM-9LKUE8kPgki0Hf9d2yyquf4-g8eWagVtXLdZhI4dNKAkKgflSSAl4IHRpey2y9CWcYyLWDXAJu4keoHqpNsehbiyzWk6rSHpgh4XL6J0_IJbUXQ5gIh4tm0YDRlGiAbth-00PB6FduwFl/s1476/LOMBARD%20STREET.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1107" data-original-width="1476" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoOdVntKA0ZNV5jBDw0yAL040oLLnIIYR-pJg17IdZiM-9LKUE8kPgki0Hf9d2yyquf4-g8eWagVtXLdZhI4dNKAkKgflSSAl4IHRpey2y9CWcYyLWDXAJu4keoHqpNsehbiyzWk6rSHpgh4XL6J0_IJbUXQ5gIh4tm0YDRlGiAbth-00PB6FduwFl/w450-h338/LOMBARD%20STREET.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Lombard Street Car Park</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: start;"></p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">PROTESTANT WIDOWS & ORPHANS ASYLUM ON BOWLING GREEN AND LOMBARD STREET BARRACKS</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;">Lombard Street is named after the Bankers from Lombardy whose fortunes intertwined with Galway's. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span>In 1274</span><span>CE</span><span> a Thomas deLince was appointed provost or <i>portreve</i> of Galway and in 1280 he married Bridget Marshall, the grand-daughter of John Marshal, Marshal of Ireland. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Three years after Thomas deLince became provost, in 1277, either a brother or cousin of Thomas, a William deLench (deLince/Lynch) was appointed as the collector of customs duties for Galway, primarily acting as a Crown agent for the Ricciardi bankers of Lombardy, to whom Edward I of England was in hock. William deLench had to hand over these tolls to the Ricciardis in Dublin. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The arrangement between Edward I and the Ricciardi was to last until 1294 but is remembered in name of Lombard Street. Perhaps, even after the arrangement with the English crown ended in 1294, Lombard bankers remained in situ profiting from the wool trade and being in place to help fund the impressive Galway continental mercantile development in 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span>(see: http://deworde.blogspot.com/2016/10/rihla-journey-61-hall-of-red-earl.html) </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-YCjHjexQi6_IjmonXzhEl5rNz3Jb9qaco9ZOUGsHNTJxN630y3cxUduWD7305o2cqZJjNflFqEt1MnSHKuurepB0eRaCVGmFdcAwGiEWuYJDn0c7JFHhqi0Zli3wbjIY-_dck0EuhvRVplslAJGgHFzkBSBJ-QdGoNPeFdXFQ4T8_HV0OYSnh8B/s1378/LOGAN%201818%20LOMBARD%20ST.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="1378" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-YCjHjexQi6_IjmonXzhEl5rNz3Jb9qaco9ZOUGsHNTJxN630y3cxUduWD7305o2cqZJjNflFqEt1MnSHKuurepB0eRaCVGmFdcAwGiEWuYJDn0c7JFHhqi0Zli3wbjIY-_dck0EuhvRVplslAJGgHFzkBSBJ-QdGoNPeFdXFQ4T8_HV0OYSnh8B/w436-h327/LOGAN%201818%20LOMBARD%20ST.jpg" width="436" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Logan 1818 survey map of Galway.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span>The three Barracks are noted and also the full extent of </span><span>Lombard Street. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span>The Part of Bowling Green known now as The Bow was </span><span>called Saunders Lane in 1818</span><span>. </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">In the Logan map of 1818 Lombard Street extended right through the medieval mercantile heart of Galway from where Upper Cross Street meets Quay St at Tigh Neachtain's corner, past the Meat Shambles and Tholsel at end of Mainguard Street to the Freshwater Fish Shambles at the "T" junction with Abbeygate Street, where Cooke's is now.</span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">What is now the flat space of the Lombard/Market Street Car park was originally the site of the Athy Town Castle and garden. After the Cromwellian surrender in 1652 and subsequent expulsion of the merchant families the Governor of the town was based in the tall town house. It became known as Rutledges tower. In 1717 it became the third of Galway's military barracks to be established and remained operational until 1822 when the Patrician Brothers National School was erected on the site.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrI8tvztX0OWYMuDyYqf_j7FhkKvt4kVy9Qw-yPMRxlcmKNWbpcJRjWDcfenq3tCMrBg16BBtC9SeJSs8HuFRzvwGTxbq3i1P-J1vdoc2ctm7IzNXevtWFosjj0mc7UH0fwrq-7rEKxHaj9wkRiRwGflhiSSX_sCJNR46KSUcAVL0jo7dY08ZJAJK6/s1383/GRIFFITHS%20LOMBARD%201855.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1383" data-original-width="1113" height="529" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrI8tvztX0OWYMuDyYqf_j7FhkKvt4kVy9Qw-yPMRxlcmKNWbpcJRjWDcfenq3tCMrBg16BBtC9SeJSs8HuFRzvwGTxbq3i1P-J1vdoc2ctm7IzNXevtWFosjj0mc7UH0fwrq-7rEKxHaj9wkRiRwGflhiSSX_sCJNR46KSUcAVL0jo7dY08ZJAJK6/w426-h529/GRIFFITHS%20LOMBARD%201855.jpg" width="426" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;">Griffiths Valuation Map 1855</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;">Magdalene Asylum <i>in situ</i> and Lombard Street split into Upper Cross , Lombard </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;">and Market Streets. The Lombard Street Barracks is turned into Patrician Brothers Boy's School and</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;">a Collegiate House attached to wardens of St Nicholas Church. The Royal Theatre building built in 1822 is still present but no longer functioning. Proceeds from the theatre had helped support the Magdalene Laundry.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">During the peak famine years the Patrician Brothers established a "Breakfast Institute" soup kitchen where up to 1000 boys and 400 others at the Lombard/Market St site were given 12oz bread and a bowel of vegetable soup on a daily basis. </span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">At one point during the height of the typhus epidemic of 1822 it was converted into a temporary convalescent hospital of 100 beds.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The Wall to the right in the picture above where construction is taking place was the property of the </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Ffrench family and at the back wall was the Protestant Widows & Orphans Asylum. </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Protestant Widows & Orphans asylum, a much smaller institution than the equivalent Catholic W&A on Prospect Hill was founded in 1820. It is uncertain when it closed. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">As an aside, to illustrate the impact of disease and institution on literary matters I turn to the story of Nora Barnacle from the Bow (Saunders Lane) off Lombard Street.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">NORA BARNACLE was born in the maternity section of Galway Workhouse Infirmary in 1884. She moved with her mother to live with her Uncle on Bowling Green in 1898.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Nora's first love (at 12) was a Michael Feeney from West William St who died at 19 years of age in 1898 of typhoid and pneumonia in the Workhouse Infirmary after a direct admission made possible by a change in legislation in 1892.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Her second love was a Michael Bodkin, from one of the "Tribes" families of Galway, who died in Galway Hospital formerly the County Infirmary on Prospect Hill from TB, also aged 19 in 1900. The change in law governing admission in 1892 allowed patients from the town to be admitted.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Nora's third love was William Mulveys, a Protestant, whom she began dating in 1902 when she was 18. When her uncle found out he beat her with a thorn stick forcing her to leave the home and run away to Dublin.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTKI1YT91nJZKCrs-NR1w8rRkO0B6OgNgAHqSBYgpvXnvrrbPP1jToOaxzzL2Q_3pwE753-iIrQ692IwcaPN7_8NnmnIyMCzQXQNosWPZXhIcIDdK_j9xVC8o6ikKc5TRhRpoiLqaG3h5MFvBCgPminL6IO0T0Pja2zWf9WdjHwx3yglFqyrXc9fR/s1500/use.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="1500" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTKI1YT91nJZKCrs-NR1w8rRkO0B6OgNgAHqSBYgpvXnvrrbPP1jToOaxzzL2Q_3pwE753-iIrQ692IwcaPN7_8NnmnIyMCzQXQNosWPZXhIcIDdK_j9xVC8o6ikKc5TRhRpoiLqaG3h5MFvBCgPminL6IO0T0Pja2zWf9WdjHwx3yglFqyrXc9fR/w470-h288/use.jpg" width="470" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Nora met James Joyce on 10th June 1904 and had her first date with him a week later, on the 16th June 1904. It was this date that Joyce was subsequently going to use to set the events of one day in Ulysses. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;">Both Feeney and Mulvey were buried in Rahoon cemetery. Joyce was jealous of Nora's continuing affection for her dead "loves" and at one point set out for Oughterard to find their graves. Nora had not bothered to dissuade him with the information that they were buried much closer in Rahoon. In Joyce's famous short story "The Dead" Feeney and Bodkin are amalgamated into the "ghost" character Michael Furey.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 27</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE MAGDALENE LAUNDRY</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh1hFNyd1hjDze3plETgFdzkouESVT6gX1CL1Lce937OZZfxy5epEHHk3wwJMFBuqd90cg21ouLpPkB4FjaKzEHeKcAotgkN7B9MyhNpZi5e0k-F3OS0w3SYgMN9D6XiputGYqayNKo3b0b5vFLL8qbAqo__9flp2WjpCymjUizUAymQBAmuhgepGb/s750/km-composite-3-way-magdalene-laundries-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="750" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh1hFNyd1hjDze3plETgFdzkouESVT6gX1CL1Lce937OZZfxy5epEHHk3wwJMFBuqd90cg21ouLpPkB4FjaKzEHeKcAotgkN7B9MyhNpZi5e0k-F3OS0w3SYgMN9D6XiputGYqayNKo3b0b5vFLL8qbAqo__9flp2WjpCymjUizUAymQBAmuhgepGb/w412-h274/km-composite-3-way-magdalene-laundries-1.jpg" width="412" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">The original Magdalene Asylum ( <span style="color: #01ffff;">Location 6</span>) was established off Lombard Street in 1822 by a Ms Lynch and a lay Association of Mary Magdalene. In 1840 the Sisters of Mercy had come to Galway and in 1851 took charge of the Lombard Street Magdalene Asylum after Ms. Lynch had died.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"></span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC9ZojFZ44QR2S4pZ-IpjyhmXQIRwlWn6WX5cAngRevGj7Tc-5iS7HZUboLCkb-gOGqv919Ew_AIj8pLGZ45P1Dww4SFT_3sbguEOS4f38koBr9dC8kuzDlPqyGSlzypC4drDGepNj2pOrI-1Y-KjvqeYEg3sAlnW88IyPYOneR7Z-DvITtxOg6emE/s1366/MAGDALENE%20GALAWAY%201839.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="1181" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC9ZojFZ44QR2S4pZ-IpjyhmXQIRwlWn6WX5cAngRevGj7Tc-5iS7HZUboLCkb-gOGqv919Ew_AIj8pLGZ45P1Dww4SFT_3sbguEOS4f38koBr9dC8kuzDlPqyGSlzypC4drDGepNj2pOrI-1Y-KjvqeYEg3sAlnW88IyPYOneR7Z-DvITtxOg6emE/w397-h458/MAGDALENE%20GALAWAY%201839.jpg" width="397" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">The Widows and Orphans Asylum on Forster St. was first established in 1824 by a Rev Mark Finn, the Catholic Parish Priest of St. Nicholas Parish. The building subsequently came to be owned by the wealthy merchant Sebastian Nolan, and in 1870 he bequeathed it to the Sisters of Mercy. They subsequently moved the Magdalene Asylum from Lombard St. to Forster St. where they established a commercial laundry.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikh0m5peOKcPkiQquEDBkCjQHl8Y7YRLQCYf5Y-KLaA3FWtvbDIqOnbaHkp4tVPDqEKPBvrndYfUqYdvKr3mIMhnCVTH0_6mAULbwY0aQN8NpElPALSFXjdRhNse83BYachiZLEYlUQNnt1G7bF0Qj9aSXezntX_hEQXlvyUnycguD3pn4Y5DtxFMr/s1378/MAGDALEN%20HOME%20FORSTER%20PLACE.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1378" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikh0m5peOKcPkiQquEDBkCjQHl8Y7YRLQCYf5Y-KLaA3FWtvbDIqOnbaHkp4tVPDqEKPBvrndYfUqYdvKr3mIMhnCVTH0_6mAULbwY0aQN8NpElPALSFXjdRhNse83BYachiZLEYlUQNnt1G7bF0Qj9aSXezntX_hEQXlvyUnycguD3pn4Y5DtxFMr/w492-h286/MAGDALEN%20HOME%20FORSTER%20PLACE.jpg" width="492" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Magdalen Asylum and Laundry Galway</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHTEUQp-yRN1SbyYOL30QWiLyp05S2076qnPjNTgO-fujUX9IvXKW4WXYn_XvcA70XuE_7swcdH6VzqsF3MfrOTEzlKxAiIzk1FbkOzcdlKJIFbFIWh7BkN7C0bzL1XNadHE2TwUdJXF9Miy0-V57BEA1YkYNAFpf8BP2fV0vHx1cbFmB3dmYAGX2/s945/MAGDALENE%20LOWER%20CEMETRY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="945" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHTEUQp-yRN1SbyYOL30QWiLyp05S2076qnPjNTgO-fujUX9IvXKW4WXYn_XvcA70XuE_7swcdH6VzqsF3MfrOTEzlKxAiIzk1FbkOzcdlKJIFbFIWh7BkN7C0bzL1XNadHE2TwUdJXF9Miy0-V57BEA1YkYNAFpf8BP2fV0vHx1cbFmB3dmYAGX2/w476-h268/MAGDALENE%20LOWER%20CEMETRY.jpg" width="476" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Northern "Women's" Graveyard</div><br /><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;">The Laundry was located west of main building and closed in 1984. It was knocked down in 1991. In the two graveyards located on the site the northern one, abutting the Meadle River valley (Forster Place) contains the remains of 43 known female inmates dating to 1873 (there are a further 49 in the nearby cemetery of Bohermore) whereas the east graveyard contains the remains of Sisters of Mercy dating to 1893. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpBLlPqX-W3HI4SaW1lp-BfDpaUsUCnWn73Id0VktGgdMqhT13-MxOo4mly3wFmPC6Ay-2yvxnxgAVaZOr0fyoLQT3hf4OMIiv1U9SFBVGb2A_hvvkeXlGbDl30_hdllnli0IbQ-2lH42ZTeXQ1mZfISkf8HuBU2Vijb6OZ44GsGk9dhHdjaHotwce/s945/MAGDALENE%20UPPER%20CEMETRY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="945" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpBLlPqX-W3HI4SaW1lp-BfDpaUsUCnWn73Id0VktGgdMqhT13-MxOo4mly3wFmPC6Ay-2yvxnxgAVaZOr0fyoLQT3hf4OMIiv1U9SFBVGb2A_hvvkeXlGbDl30_hdllnli0IbQ-2lH42ZTeXQ1mZfISkf8HuBU2Vijb6OZ44GsGk9dhHdjaHotwce/w490-h270/MAGDALENE%20UPPER%20CEMETRY.jpg" width="490" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Grotto and East or "Sisters" Graveyard</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: large;">LOCATION 28</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">SHAMBLES BARRACKS</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyo0TmyrUSUOftOt0TGgNatmAs1b_GFnvBgHVxThf0OJ_D2VV6hDC7LG1PJAoVOY_UB12-BvjkP9ufL8Wne8-aZATRVOKfFGtnyJVsd3EGn2SKWAvOtROHklkhqWZ6-mhSCkA-_-vKjUCEiyMwvmqjarHNGvUPI7FS-oP2qh4ibj2uXIthyP2nYVLz/s1575/SHAMBLES%20BARRACKS%201864.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1575" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyo0TmyrUSUOftOt0TGgNatmAs1b_GFnvBgHVxThf0OJ_D2VV6hDC7LG1PJAoVOY_UB12-BvjkP9ufL8Wne8-aZATRVOKfFGtnyJVsd3EGn2SKWAvOtROHklkhqWZ6-mhSCkA-_-vKjUCEiyMwvmqjarHNGvUPI7FS-oP2qh4ibj2uXIthyP2nYVLz/w551-h413/SHAMBLES%20BARRACKS%201864.jpg" width="551" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">In language terms <i>Shamble</i>, the etymologists point out, derives its ultimate origin from the Proto-Indo-European word <i>skab<sup>h</sup></i>, meaning to prop up or support. From here transhumance in place and function generated the Latin <i>scamnum</i>, a stool or bench and in the diminutive form <i>scamellum</i>, a low bench. From Latin to the Proto-German <i>scamel</i>, the Anlo-Saxons brought <i>sceamol</i> with their axes to England and by the 14<sup>th</sup> century <i>schamell</i> and its ‘New English’ derivative <i>shamble</i> specifically meant a table or shelf from which meat was sold. By the 15<sup>th</sup> century Shambles as a descriptive plural noun began to refer to a defined area of the town or city where animals were butchered and sold.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">The Shambles or Lower Citadel Barracks was first built in 1709 on the site of the Lower or West Citadel that had been built in 1652. The barracks was soon unfit for purpose and a new barracks was built in 1769 to hold 10 companies. In 1836 it had 15 officers, 326 NCOs and privates and 6 horses. It had only a small convalescent infirmary as most serious cases were transferred to the Castle Barracks Hospital. Directly across Bridge Street (down the small lane seen in bottom right hand corner of map above) was the horse market where horses for the cavalry regiments were bought.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm -0.3pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">The Shamble Barracks closed around 1890, was sold in 1909 and demolished in 1927. <o:p></o:p></span></p></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 29</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYjIgu5EktGHVvnXhsmtEri8rNPx1qPCT0FCRvlxUpXnlFq-ukJ5cq7bU00277hZai_gCQkQzIPZ41jWxe07R--MA2kLGQgnoZynIhXRXvVbr5DS6s-dl-s7YQp7RwpEOGgdRHHnB-JlqowTAxHekFLYnX4aMuTB__ig6DrpE7A2wA4E_Uu-wo9yzB/s1440/CLADDAGH%20LEPER%20HOSPITAL.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="1440" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYjIgu5EktGHVvnXhsmtEri8rNPx1qPCT0FCRvlxUpXnlFq-ukJ5cq7bU00277hZai_gCQkQzIPZ41jWxe07R--MA2kLGQgnoZynIhXRXvVbr5DS6s-dl-s7YQp7RwpEOGgdRHHnB-JlqowTAxHekFLYnX4aMuTB__ig6DrpE7A2wA4E_Uu-wo9yzB/w559-h255/CLADDAGH%20LEPER%20HOSPITAL.jpg" width="559" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">The Dominican Church on the Claddagh, Galway is on the site of the</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">1235 Premonstratensian St Marys-on-the-Hill Church and Leper Hospital,</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB">on land donated by the O'Halloran clan.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">THE LEPER HOSPITAL, CLADDAGH 1235-1451; 1488 - 1651<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">A Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary along with a Leprosy hospital building was established on Fairhill, Claddagh in 1235 by Canons of the Praemonstratensian Order from their base in Tuam. The land was donated by the O'Halloran family in whose <i>tuatha or </i>clan territory Galway established.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Research for early medieval England by Knowles and Hadcock suggests that about 1,103 hospital-type institutions existed. Of these 67% were "almshouses", 31% were leper hospitals, 12% were <i>hospitium</i> for poor travellers and pilgrims, and 10% were dedicated <i>hospitalium</i> for the poor. There were also <i>infirmarias </i>within monastic complexes for care of the monastic brethern. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Praemonstratensians (known as Norbetine or White Canons) who established the Leper Hospital in the Claddagh were known as Canons Regular of the Order of St Augustine, as they adhered to the Rules of St Augustine for monastic life, and whose rules for the caring of the sick were less rigid and less exclusive than those who followed the Benedictine Creed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Following the establishment of his monastery of Montecassino in 530, after destroying the Temple of Athena that stood there, the Rules of St. Benedict of Nursia governed the management of most hospital facilities attached to monastic establishments. This was reinforced by the edicts of Charlemagne in the 800s and monk-physicians delivered the majority of Christian associated care.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In the mid-12th century however the Gregorian reforms of the Lateran Councils began. In Canon 17 of the First Lateran Council of 1123 monks were banned from visiting the sick and what care continued emphasised the spiritual rather than bodily "diseases". Further restictions were to follow, such banning monks from training as paid physicians (1139) and practising surgery (1215), and this separation of monastic life from secular health caring was to be further reinforced in the late 12th century as a consequence of the Cistercian Order's re-emphasis of strict monastic community observance of the ascetic aspect of Benedictine rules. As a consequence "Benedictine" monks withdrew from delivering 'hands-on" care to the unclean public and monastic care declined. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Until the increasing availability of secular trained physicians in mid-13th century as a consequence of the Benedictine restrictions some of the Orders who then took over the care of, or established, institutions for the sick and dying and delivered that care abiding by the healthcare guidance formulated in the less strict monastic Rule of St Augustine such as the Premonstratensians and later the Dominicans. These were generally known as Canons Regular. Any monastic associated healthcare until suppression of the monasteries by Henry VIII was generally under the Rule of St Augustine.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Dominican Order were granted the Premonstratensian Chapel of St Mary in the Claddagh in 1488 and established their Church of St Mary's on the Hill, after a dispute in 1495 with the Franciscans, in 1508. It became known as Abbey West by 1530. The Dominicans continued the operation of the "Leper" Hospital on the site from 1488 -1651 when the whole complex was torn down so that it could not act as a site for a cannon battery when the Town was besieged in the Cromwellian wars. The Dominican Chapel and Friary but not the Leper Hospital was rebuilt in 1669.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 30</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;">St Brides Nursing Home/ Hospital 1916 -1964</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguKwUZtYybUIdrxwY_13xtaAGEDXg5QXgT0p8jkKM2_Jh3QLu6t7d4wKypWq2htb_O7hceWPiupqIKfw--HILH7K1N-ZY_rWDeqVRl72c0Shdej5JX9ugrpfY9TbPwu9P_Zvsi8PTdj5IGgbMcNe7S5IGJ_5wI4b7CyNxpK0rB3sHObjVW6cxK9bp_/s1009/st%20brides%20sea%20road.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1009" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguKwUZtYybUIdrxwY_13xtaAGEDXg5QXgT0p8jkKM2_Jh3QLu6t7d4wKypWq2htb_O7hceWPiupqIKfw--HILH7K1N-ZY_rWDeqVRl72c0Shdej5JX9ugrpfY9TbPwu9P_Zvsi8PTdj5IGgbMcNe7S5IGJ_5wI4b7CyNxpK0rB3sHObjVW6cxK9bp_/w465-h363/st%20brides%20sea%20road.jpg" width="465" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">St Bride's Hospital and Nursing Home</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">On 15<sup>th</sup> march 1922 in one of the last reprisals of the War of Independence Sgts John Gilmartin of Oughterard and Sgt Tobias Gibbons of Westport of the RIC were shot dead while patients in St Brides. This was 8 months after the truce, 3 weeks after the British Army handed over Renmore Barracks and 1 week after their remaining RIC colleagues had departed Galway and Tuam. </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On the same night a Patrick Cassidy</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">, a Congested Districts Board’s official from Mayo was shot dead in a ward in the Central Hospital, where was recuperating from an earlier assassination attempt in Mayo. A National Army Military Tribunal of Inquiry was conducted 2 days after the shooting and a finding of unlawful death by unknown agents.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Hospital. was founded by Dr William Sandys and operated as a nursing home, cottage and surgical hospital and maternity hospital from 1916 – 1964. Surgeon Michael O’Malley and anesthesist Dr Joseph Waters. Conor O’Malley later joined acting as Eye and ENT surgeon as well as radiologist.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 31</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRiCVO5UPk-kA7vIwUA_0M-liUr_9jdlqzZGKxvCJ_NZSPMzMXrUyuqPn6jhqn6DG6U4wflehO9OqXNmPmwke8Up-25PnTrlTrJmlqT5z2mEQ_G_XKqK0aHsO86XFH3nmx2dZ2ftbRcYMS5eiYeRhmdklJVz2j8WS7aMNyd2TZepFyYvq6unrFk-3R/s1772/mission%20church%20school.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1356" data-original-width="1772" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRiCVO5UPk-kA7vIwUA_0M-liUr_9jdlqzZGKxvCJ_NZSPMzMXrUyuqPn6jhqn6DG6U4wflehO9OqXNmPmwke8Up-25PnTrlTrJmlqT5z2mEQ_G_XKqK0aHsO86XFH3nmx2dZ2ftbRcYMS5eiYeRhmdklJVz2j8WS7aMNyd2TZepFyYvq6unrFk-3R/w417-h319/mission%20church%20school.jpg" width="417" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">IRISH CHURCH MISSIONS ORPHANAGE</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The 1800 Acts of Union also united the Established English and Irish Anglican Churches and as a consequence the newly energised and emboldened congregations in the 1820s, particularly in England, determined to utilise access to education to proselytise amongst Roman Catholics for conversion to Protestantism in Ireland on a missionary basis. They were later during the depths of the 1840s famine years to barter access to education and Protestantism as a means of access to food. These missionaries became known collectively as the “Soupers”. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">By the 1840s educational missionaries proselytising on island included amongst others the Irish Society for Promoting the Education of the Native Irish through the Medium of their Own Language. The Irish Society, as it came to be known was founded in 1818 by Henry Monck Mason and others from within the ranks of the Association for Discountenancing Vice [founded in 1792, incorporated in 1801, erased from legislative memory by accident in the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 and reinstated to legal identity by the Statute Law Revision Act 2016] and often referred to as the Ragged Schools). </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">There was also the Erasmus Smith Elementary or Latin Schools (from 1809 onwards it had about 107 schools in addition to the 4 late 18<sup>th</sup> century grammar schools); the Incorporated Society for Promoting English Protestant Schools in Ireland (Charter 1753); the original “Irish Society” i.e. The Society of the Governor and Assistants in London of the New Plantation in Ulster (founded in 1613) with 8 boarding schools and 10 day schools mainly in northern Ireland; the Wesleyan Methodists (48 schools); the Presbyterian Connacht Scriptural and Industrial Mission; the Edinburgh Irish Mission; the Religious Tract and Book; the Irish Evangelical Society; and the Home Mission. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipFvGEFT44yTLHZ2iD280epf2-UBK3rTnUC5wy75qn_OvKHMMITKwyT25rRW-HL8Je5nj--ZlZvBybc6Kk3eDt13fZHTUVzn4IIWKWi8Sd6pKEK0_tLoBt2ULAIeW0dUZYx28IuxmX4CsL7OHXY6TyL5zIbPf3HcwyzZuTSnzfrvMPL9mG9PvSCEoA/s1396/IRISH%20CHURCH%20MISSIONS%20MAP%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1053" data-original-width="1396" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipFvGEFT44yTLHZ2iD280epf2-UBK3rTnUC5wy75qn_OvKHMMITKwyT25rRW-HL8Je5nj--ZlZvBybc6Kk3eDt13fZHTUVzn4IIWKWi8Sd6pKEK0_tLoBt2ULAIeW0dUZYx28IuxmX4CsL7OHXY6TyL5zIbPf3HcwyzZuTSnzfrvMPL9mG9PvSCEoA/w436-h328/IRISH%20CHURCH%20MISSIONS%20MAP%20copy.jpg" width="436" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-align: start;">Into the maelstrom of misery and mortality that were the 1840s in Ireland, where failure of the potato harvest and absentee landlords had throttled the life and soul out-of an entire generation of Irish people, bestrode Alexander Robert Charles Dallas and his “cowboys” or agents of the Irish Church Missions to the Roman Catholics, determined to harvest souls for Protestantism in the midst of a failed potato harvest, and concentrating on the wasteland that was Connemara where people had suffered most.</span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">On the 29<sup>th</sup> March 1849, the Rev. Dallas established the <b>Irish Church Missions to the Roman Catholics</b> with the determination to establish “Stations” – schools, churches and meeting-houses – throughout the country but in Connemara in particular.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In a letter on 27<sup>th</sup> July 1850 he wrote,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">“I am led in a way I cannot refuse to undertake the practical working of a Society which aims at nothing less than the Protestantizing of Ireland…”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">This determination to Protestantise was to become his paramount inspiration. A formal working “evangelical” coalition between the Irish Society and the Irish Church Missions came to an end in 1856 and the Irish Church Missions went their own way. In his remaining 20 years the Rev Alexander Dallas was directly responsible for the foundation of 21 churches, 49 schoolhouses, 12 parsonages and 4 orphanages in his work as Secretary for the Irish Church Missions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqoNhmAyM8F52nBVkIS0PHk2-2pOwJoj41dQMc0GfNiWub69CScTx6LESlGZjNR8UnCpQyDvogZhpEEjpjSIK7f-gMvnO5ykgby7reBqxk5QHcp8fU8PUPsbi2WqxCWKRtiAvNl9k9AK5_wwYYOJeBmL1j90JeCYXt4KNobFVbvtfITDKN5ZmOPKrS/s3264/IMG_5447.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqoNhmAyM8F52nBVkIS0PHk2-2pOwJoj41dQMc0GfNiWub69CScTx6LESlGZjNR8UnCpQyDvogZhpEEjpjSIK7f-gMvnO5ykgby7reBqxk5QHcp8fU8PUPsbi2WqxCWKRtiAvNl9k9AK5_wwYYOJeBmL1j90JeCYXt4KNobFVbvtfITDKN5ZmOPKrS/w397-h298/IMG_5447.jpg" width="397" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Scoil Fhursa(1933 - present) a.k.a Sherwood Fields Orphanage (The Nest) and Irish</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Church Mission School Taylor's Hill 1862 -1906 </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(photograph taken before new extension constructed to right. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gate in picture was previously located more to the left at junction of New Line and Taylors Hill)</div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Orphanage attached to the Irish Church Mission School was established in 1862 and took in transferred children from the previous orphanage on Merchant's Road. The school in in 1868 had 29 boys and 36 girls. The Orphanage was known as the Sherwood Fields Orphanage or in local use "The Nest." The Orphanage and its Protestant-based missionary "souperism" closed in 1906. The building became a recreation centre for the British troops stationed in Galway and in 1933 Scoil Fhursa National School opened on the site.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">For more information in regard to the Rev Dallas and the Irish Church Missions see:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">http://deworde.blogspot.com/2021/01/rihla-69-castlekirk-caislean-na-circe.html</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 32</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SEEThDFxjneOd0rryRF-kGZJkSon0kiKuKXE_RO6VcUZqVfQmECN18ohfWCqkTUgIKPGvMH-A-wkeo40XYaE9QI6m1cRPcKu43gGUNPISjvwMW3RS9xTiNjZVxjhykCahqWT1ILac3pTVmPggKqiybGAgNWmE-0WtuhbMrvyxSyAwWC9xRyV3dMd/s1772/MILLSTREET%201872.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="981" data-original-width="1772" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0SEEThDFxjneOd0rryRF-kGZJkSon0kiKuKXE_RO6VcUZqVfQmECN18ohfWCqkTUgIKPGvMH-A-wkeo40XYaE9QI6m1cRPcKu43gGUNPISjvwMW3RS9xTiNjZVxjhykCahqWT1ILac3pTVmPggKqiybGAgNWmE-0WtuhbMrvyxSyAwWC9xRyV3dMd/w476-h263/MILLSTREET%201872.jpg" width="476" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Millstreet, Galway 1872</div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">PUBLIC LYING-IN OR MATERNITY HOSPITAL 1826 -1842</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">A public Lying-In Maternity Hospital was proposed in 1824 and completed with a small garden in 1826. It remained open until t5he opening of the Maternity Section of the Union Workhouse Infirmary in 1842. The building was knocked down and replaced in 1990.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 33</span><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">PROTESTANT ASYLUM (GRACE HOME) 1840s -</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span>LOCATION 34</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: large;">CHARTER SCHOOL AND FOUNDLING HOSPITAL 1755-1798</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: large;">TEMPORARY FEVER HOSPITAL 1817 - 1818</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 37.333332px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">The original building at the top of Mill Street had been founded as a Charter School and Foundling Hospital in 1755. The school closed in 1798 when during the Rebellion of that year it was taken over as an Auxiliary Artillery Barracks. The Barracks closed in 1814 and in 1817 it became a Temporary Fever Hospital. It was a ruin by 1818 and in 1819 the Presentation Nun's rebuilt on the site, establishing their School, Chapel and Convent.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 35, 36, 37 </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN0-Ki_PqaKYrhxAwM0k-u14UoIVlT2uGxmhTFVM2LSEV0rCXDjfkR1rVqp6dSXWHIkamemy-uJuJjF7X5spSZ4yXXV9rL4dWWp6f4kQ5F1A0XFtYZKSFoeFYwCvSdp_umj-cNf1s8bLXOrbUByXd2uQHCTx2YyWmPY8IMaF_HW9mV2D-ty3hjzLJ7/s1296/model%20school%201872.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1296" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN0-Ki_PqaKYrhxAwM0k-u14UoIVlT2uGxmhTFVM2LSEV0rCXDjfkR1rVqp6dSXWHIkamemy-uJuJjF7X5spSZ4yXXV9rL4dWWp6f4kQ5F1A0XFtYZKSFoeFYwCvSdp_umj-cNf1s8bLXOrbUByXd2uQHCTx2YyWmPY8IMaF_HW9mV2D-ty3hjzLJ7/w364-h480/model%20school%201872.jpg" width="364" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">Newcastle Galway 1872</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">MODEL SCHOOL 1852 - 1926 </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg52S0splSzfwaM-150cmIfyygw6eCUqtG1bBZGhjVRaijPNSbeBKsQSxoJa-ZEyo5PcgzwGOJlIzacs_hDavlVbp8u_oI9R9YM0F6izP2v9b7UnYC8p0HhdWCQEJ-QaYJ1-Mo8KXEOhQ5Wj8j2nFJnCc7oDhBzZ16nR3r9YGyaZzKqZN-lUJXM0tsN/s1575/model%20school%201879.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1575" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg52S0splSzfwaM-150cmIfyygw6eCUqtG1bBZGhjVRaijPNSbeBKsQSxoJa-ZEyo5PcgzwGOJlIzacs_hDavlVbp8u_oI9R9YM0F6izP2v9b7UnYC8p0HhdWCQEJ-QaYJ1-Mo8KXEOhQ5Wj8j2nFJnCc7oDhBzZ16nR3r9YGyaZzKqZN-lUJXM0tsN/w437-h253/model%20school%201879.jpg" width="437" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">Pupils gathered in front of Model School in 1879</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">(from Ashworth Collection [owners of Galway Fishery] in Chatham library, Manchester)</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">GALWAY DISPENSARY 1865 - 1923</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Galway District Dispensary whose previous homes had been at St Augustine St (1820s), Abbeygate (1830s), Flood St. (1850s) moved to a purpose built building on Newcastle Rd., adjacent to Union Workhouse in 1865. Incorporated into "new" Maternity Hospital in 1923 and moved into temporary buildings nearby. In 1955 the new Shantalla City Dispensary was established to rear of site of former Model School.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">CENTRAL MATERNITY HOSPITAL 1923 -42 </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">(ENT Department 1942 -1955)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">LOCATION 38</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm30oyA8wXJK0Ml6dsQPYZMsGl9ZweB2KNHuhEPmEMt6-OnivS3ji9tCGRMpp2vyD3OxX_ndWitdkWpBNpay1bQfRfgefSUU8DyzEFsw6XFVQlUiAPGon9cou1GgDOTv_cSXE3ii6bP0vTyGX13b-haDj2Evto3MPKGpUAlOKOpk5LmftrsP69EJNE/s1575/radiation%20oncology%20centre%20galway.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1575" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm30oyA8wXJK0Ml6dsQPYZMsGl9ZweB2KNHuhEPmEMt6-OnivS3ji9tCGRMpp2vyD3OxX_ndWitdkWpBNpay1bQfRfgefSUU8DyzEFsw6XFVQlUiAPGon9cou1GgDOTv_cSXE3ii6bP0vTyGX13b-haDj2Evto3MPKGpUAlOKOpk5LmftrsP69EJNE/w470-h247/radiation%20oncology%20centre%20galway.jpg" width="470" /></a></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">RADIATION ONCOLOGY CENTRE </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">(To open Autumn 2022)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 39</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2-zIBGLi2rJRtKkiNUigcrQVzNWkRBtBdytyiWp6gi_UgfIHCOH6g_R5o87NWJIhQ8X3NaEKQuck1paYLpxvziP58O6EyuU3CZO6t_G3QiMZtLeks1a-eCWR3WeolCDAmf2zQOuoUppA7GBHkukfqT64lxbQJoojzvOAH880I-Ta8yDVIWjtQ05rz/s1732/OVERHEAD%20UHG%202000.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1155" data-original-width="1732" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2-zIBGLi2rJRtKkiNUigcrQVzNWkRBtBdytyiWp6gi_UgfIHCOH6g_R5o87NWJIhQ8X3NaEKQuck1paYLpxvziP58O6EyuU3CZO6t_G3QiMZtLeks1a-eCWR3WeolCDAmf2zQOuoUppA7GBHkukfqT64lxbQJoojzvOAH880I-Ta8yDVIWjtQ05rz/w473-h315/OVERHEAD%20UHG%202000.jpg" width="473" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">Aerial of University Hospital Galway c.2000</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">1909 Fever Hospital still in situ to rear of main block.</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">FEVER HOSPITAL 1909<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Built on "Nightingale" Principles on stilts ensuring good air circulation. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Influenza “Spanish Flu” epidemic of Autumn 1918- Summer 1919 at its peak 10 patients a week dying in fever hospital.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: start;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page;" /></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">LOCATION 40 </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">GALWAY UNION WORKHOUSE INFIRMARY (GALWAY UNION HOSPITAL 1842)<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF_FRWqkmn0w51drdRhhUUiIyEgG9gUvG0TUD4MdaBGgqIlVbCl87R2dC-Ot8RSfSMJUnPjbw7aUeCrkv1MCRcVT_NMxRGsGL-kkWF6C8PMGxybTBHP4phApvuVWy0biPGZ9rsfAag9X1X-Wfm1UlWApmBj4Dv7PW7TwgJ6LS3ffvnJXIUvVON0Bf4/s2554/wilkinson%20whouse%20design%20FLOORPLANS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1714" data-original-width="2554" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF_FRWqkmn0w51drdRhhUUiIyEgG9gUvG0TUD4MdaBGgqIlVbCl87R2dC-Ot8RSfSMJUnPjbw7aUeCrkv1MCRcVT_NMxRGsGL-kkWF6C8PMGxybTBHP4phApvuVWy0biPGZ9rsfAag9X1X-Wfm1UlWApmBj4Dv7PW7TwgJ6LS3ffvnJXIUvVON0Bf4/w451-h303/wilkinson%20whouse%20design%20FLOORPLANS.jpg" width="451" /></a></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /></span></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;">The George Wilkinson template for Poor Law Union Workhouses</div></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Irish Poor Law Relief Act of 1838 was the first, albeit much criticised, universal attempt to tackle the health consequences of poverty in Ireland. 10 poor law unions were established in Galway county by 1849. In just 5 years between 1839 - 1843, under the guidance and energy of Poor Law Commissioner George Nicholls and architect George Wilkinson, 112 very substantial workhouses, including Galway, were built and made operational. On the 2nd March 1842 Galway's workhouse opened. The Workhouse was initially designed to accommodate 800 but later this increased to 1,000.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgseR8Nb5a1ieC4SBEzOecy_Q7LyD4mE52R2oVNkAzwm03GcdXNb-f7LMJU9liA9d4PT0buJXno-ad1Tbngv-tn6BFm1zAXPGirrClBE2U7XtAaaSgLOgpgCtVJ9Jf7KhEhni0aaws-cov6bERcC3AZ7vxC2G6wvFlXR7YL7I3G8v1TjounEyNtTPsP/s1260/GALWAY%20WORKHOUSE%20SITE%201839.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="945" height="447" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgseR8Nb5a1ieC4SBEzOecy_Q7LyD4mE52R2oVNkAzwm03GcdXNb-f7LMJU9liA9d4PT0buJXno-ad1Tbngv-tn6BFm1zAXPGirrClBE2U7XtAaaSgLOgpgCtVJ9Jf7KhEhni0aaws-cov6bERcC3AZ7vxC2G6wvFlXR7YL7I3G8v1TjounEyNtTPsP/w335-h447/GALWAY%20WORKHOUSE%20SITE%201839.jpg" width="335" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Newcastle Galway before 1841 Workhouse and 1849 Queen's College (NUIG)</span></span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The famine and its ravished really impacted and during the peak years 1846 -1848 auxiliary workhouses were established in Dangan (where 1000 children were housed and which closed in 1853), Merchant's Road (1,000), Barna, St Helen's Street, and Barna in addition to temporary "fever" sheds in the grounds.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirU1m8jRVKXj-CD52JC8dA6F--eyrSpMLTvp9sTXiV9XpG4N2zuMJ5o7oxaQko3HJD1OgEYkNTB6eLIjeRBPeikkSjXKFAQEP4NgTtBN1HzJEaQSC-ExhkUuO97T88Y-T8JBEwbc1fWpxxJLYqUp7U37wQpSxMCqxAYzIZFjbrRP_8adJ_iz39h8Vc/s1228/UNION%20WORKHOUSE%201892.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1228" data-original-width="945" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirU1m8jRVKXj-CD52JC8dA6F--eyrSpMLTvp9sTXiV9XpG4N2zuMJ5o7oxaQko3HJD1OgEYkNTB6eLIjeRBPeikkSjXKFAQEP4NgTtBN1HzJEaQSC-ExhkUuO97T88Y-T8JBEwbc1fWpxxJLYqUp7U37wQpSxMCqxAYzIZFjbrRP_8adJ_iz39h8Vc/w361-h470/UNION%20WORKHOUSE%201892.jpg" width="361" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Newcastle Galway 1892 </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Note new Fever Hospital 1908 behind Workhouse not yet built)</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Two years later, on the night of 1851 census, when the peak impact of famine had passed there were still 2,099 people in the Galway Workhouse and 1,919 in auxillary workhouses (mainly Dangan), accounting for almost 6.5% of entire population of 61,500 in Galway Union. On the same census night the Galway Workhouse Infirmary held 320 patients.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1862 allowed direct admission to the Workhouses Infirmary without the requirement that his/her family had also to be admitted to the Workhouse as destitute. The Infirmary then began the <i>de facto</i> public medical hospital for the city.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9TRxVLuvHaHlApm7kfaC-Cu6CMm6dZqHO_knI3_587wpYz9o9BDZ5CPW5XIlrzhyhRTAA1PesXmGOlXyaad0G3r9BkrDanityZf1OKnR_yAVVpQs8AIUPFIkNM88CKovNpmrbpYSqDxIpOXFj0Fo7yWnPNvPMqNEia0mMV4WntdBulv_xL1k09z5/s1417/GALWAY%20CENTRAL%20HOSPITAL%201944.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1010" data-original-width="1417" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd9TRxVLuvHaHlApm7kfaC-Cu6CMm6dZqHO_knI3_587wpYz9o9BDZ5CPW5XIlrzhyhRTAA1PesXmGOlXyaad0G3r9BkrDanityZf1OKnR_yAVVpQs8AIUPFIkNM88CKovNpmrbpYSqDxIpOXFj0Fo7yWnPNvPMqNEia0mMV4WntdBulv_xL1k09z5/w487-h347/GALWAY%20CENTRAL%20HOSPITAL%201944.jpg" width="487" /></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Newcastle, Galway 1944</b></div><b><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY CENTRAL HOSPITAL 1922 - 1956</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">GALWAY REGIONAL HOSPITAL 1957 - 1991</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL GALWAY 1989 - present </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The Workhouses closed Aug 1921, and Galway Workhouse was occupied by the British Army for a period. Thereafter the new Galway Hospitals and Dispensaries committee took over the running of the Hospital and it was decided to establish the Galway Central Hospital by phasing out the County Infirmary on Prospect Hill, closing the Workhouse Infirmary and then amalgamating fully in the main Workhouse buildings on the Newcastle Rd. site.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvklV06cP45B9w0wIZXKx5efgRBvClu7aMvG_mamX4xDzvISsYKKyzP7v84DyldUyX2P-xsxx8To5TTU_MMnXP_d4QQPBQFrY7IB4cD7Q5HEvqtv81qv1PhEUjf6At_lZa1tCTqhDE3D2eDzEESgy74_uQAnxRa4llKQKaROaOQXVrYN3QC_Vvh0G/s1271/GALWAY%20AERIAL%201952.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1271" data-original-width="945" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvklV06cP45B9w0wIZXKx5efgRBvClu7aMvG_mamX4xDzvISsYKKyzP7v84DyldUyX2P-xsxx8To5TTU_MMnXP_d4QQPBQFrY7IB4cD7Q5HEvqtv81qv1PhEUjf6At_lZa1tCTqhDE3D2eDzEESgy74_uQAnxRa4llKQKaROaOQXVrYN3QC_Vvh0G/w371-h499/GALWAY%20AERIAL%201952.jpg" width="371" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;">University Hospital, Galway c.1952</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">In 1957 the buildings that had formed the Old Workhouse (1841 -1921) and then the Central Hospital were demolished after the new 594 bed Regional Hospital complex was almost complete. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxwZfM8WPKv0MBktja6iTdYnImfbZI5169IraOZNuKSvVILuLjAxehMFG1zlWxyamojiBNPdWpJZ6p8s2X8ERQAEM8_uRBG-BfUr07duKUwbTvT7Zb8N_xU8SDIW6W9pXqdrXpTFs8tMOjSUA4IGddycN3bAndQZl95TaokVvMUXCc1_76sK6TGjsp/s1290/UNIVERSITY%20HOSPITAL%20GALWAY%202022.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="945" height="517" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxwZfM8WPKv0MBktja6iTdYnImfbZI5169IraOZNuKSvVILuLjAxehMFG1zlWxyamojiBNPdWpJZ6p8s2X8ERQAEM8_uRBG-BfUr07duKUwbTvT7Zb8N_xU8SDIW6W9pXqdrXpTFs8tMOjSUA4IGddycN3bAndQZl95TaokVvMUXCc1_76sK6TGjsp/w378-h517/UNIVERSITY%20HOSPITAL%20GALWAY%202022.jpg" width="378" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Newcastle, Galway 1922</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">CENTRAL AND REGIONAL HOSPITAL MATERNITY </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">This opened in 1924 with 18 beds when the City Dispensary building was converted.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">During the war years there was increasing discussion about building a new Regional Hospital. However as a consequence of increased number of cases of deaths from puerperal sepsis a specifically comissioned maternity building was begun in 1941 and completed in 1942. Further modifications occurred in 1983. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">The old Dispensary became the ENT Department until demolished with the building of new Regional Hospital 1957 </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6B_kmfgDZiZc8FCBgQG-PUleIGCyVg-yKuybj6AMwnS1IPYxFluCavPC1v5R_lyr7QRmH-lmjeWLkMgZPih-N_llI17fODCaiNe3ptX8o_pKourE2Ejs8KzAGlFLk9H7xoHEqSZPxO3C3jNcbjsNKl7pvAnR-sshwpKVZE9_Twl9vwsFB8GXIb_Aa/s728/couple-walking-line-art.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="422" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6B_kmfgDZiZc8FCBgQG-PUleIGCyVg-yKuybj6AMwnS1IPYxFluCavPC1v5R_lyr7QRmH-lmjeWLkMgZPih-N_llI17fODCaiNe3ptX8o_pKourE2Ejs8KzAGlFLk9H7xoHEqSZPxO3C3jNcbjsNKl7pvAnR-sshwpKVZE9_Twl9vwsFB8GXIb_Aa/w248-h428/couple-walking-line-art.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;">BEGINNING AND END OF WALK</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">For anybody who is interested I usually conduct this walk on the last Sunday of most months, from August to May. There is no cost involved and if you come and want to make a contribution then the Irish Red Cross or Cope Galway would be delighted to receive them. The walk lasts 3.5 - 4 hrs with a stop for coffee. If you are interested contact me at wynkindeworde@gmail.com.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 32px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaCQgyIpR7fylVALNrhsTaOg1SjRHiUcOaB5BKy6HgTub75n5BURYTOQjGojCzScuNOsxn4GtAwS9gYIw1tItA_-QnoiG3raFnWbBScNNcKT9DNcCH5303RWNF2k1AQxe-6OybufI2APh-1ShXp2WiXgFi9_cg3KFSXlEe4kQL7nXkMOBNahqBItKA/s2283/galway%20WALKING%20map%20MAIN%206%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="2283" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaCQgyIpR7fylVALNrhsTaOg1SjRHiUcOaB5BKy6HgTub75n5BURYTOQjGojCzScuNOsxn4GtAwS9gYIw1tItA_-QnoiG3raFnWbBScNNcKT9DNcCH5303RWNF2k1AQxe-6OybufI2APh-1ShXp2WiXgFi9_cg3KFSXlEe4kQL7nXkMOBNahqBItKA/w543-h395/galway%20WALKING%20map%20MAIN%206%20copy.jpg" width="543" /></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #01ffff;">References and Further Reading:</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Binchy D A. Sick-Maintenance in Irish Law. Ériu. 1938; 12: 78 -134<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cousins M. The Irish parliament and relief of the poor: the 1772 legislation establishing houses of industry. 18th Cent Ireland 2013; 28: 95-115</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cook G C. Henry Curry FRIBA (1820 -1900) : leading Victorian hospital architect, and early exponent of the "pavilion principle". Postgrad Med J. 2002: 78: 352-359</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Corless C, Linehan N. Belonging — A Memoir of Place, Beginnings, and one Woman's Search for Truth, and Justice for the Tuam Babies. 2021 Hachette Boorks Ireleand</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Curtin G. Female Prisoners in Galway GAOL in 19<sup>th</sup> Century. J. Galway. Arch. Hist. Soc. 2002;54:175-182<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Executive Summary of Final Report of Commission of Investigation into Mother And Baby Homes. 2021 Dept Children etc. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/22c0e-executive-summary-of-the-final-report-of-the-commission-of-investigation-into-mother-and-baby-homes/</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Glatter K A, Finkleman P. History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19. American J Med. 2021;134: 176 -181<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Grace P. Patronage and health care in eighteenth-century Irish county infirmaries. Irish Hist. 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Ériu 1976;27:21-25</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; line-height: 24px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"> </span></p></div>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-91251463861638661692022-02-21T17:57:00.001+00:002022-02-21T17:57:49.788+00:00NATURE MEDLEY<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgDBI25NNiFU5smk-LGHYl49AQchb5kgCeKLVfnBZbfmzlpgQn4aToRfpNy64XVQgWRAuoBbUKoHvxZATyEWRuPgjBcTTv2JCyF8M-qNfUMq2gkCC7hfBCM6k4TNP5npIgW0OdxYGEB6P0rA9sIQZOXLSfllFtCz8naMkz864p7XRwGiEqGyYjhi77C=s1772" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1772" data-original-width="1181" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgDBI25NNiFU5smk-LGHYl49AQchb5kgCeKLVfnBZbfmzlpgQn4aToRfpNy64XVQgWRAuoBbUKoHvxZATyEWRuPgjBcTTv2JCyF8M-qNfUMq2gkCC7hfBCM6k4TNP5npIgW0OdxYGEB6P0rA9sIQZOXLSfllFtCz8naMkz864p7XRwGiEqGyYjhi77C=s320" width="213" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXtu80UreUc06NP-eXJv7pSJvuky6KF9LSD7tGq8NSkL2HuGn6LvDNB_M_MgXOecje-7VYi_7YjKNSZoFxB3HLPCcsnH2kYRz-RQHP0KFbGjH8TkhuAjWZoYqlgKgJ8AM_Tuhbv_RBAJk_LWIzBJXalNVhCmRN4cxC7HZ0XUf5kJQr-sf8zgwE23Fo=s1772" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1772" data-original-width="1181" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXtu80UreUc06NP-eXJv7pSJvuky6KF9LSD7tGq8NSkL2HuGn6LvDNB_M_MgXOecje-7VYi_7YjKNSZoFxB3HLPCcsnH2kYRz-RQHP0KFbGjH8TkhuAjWZoYqlgKgJ8AM_Tuhbv_RBAJk_LWIzBJXalNVhCmRN4cxC7HZ0XUf5kJQr-sf8zgwE23Fo=w317-h476" width="317" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-eOPeDgg96VQKQoyy2wDNZN7AHRgdUmNNgQrHBeaSYZqyqXzf1GegQwoUMr8C6bbBcc6r13S1GKDzoicWrNSUWgy5fJb-HCQfo52ycb2X-hUkghG8tF7JCZczBNG1RZHJL3aOLNwn9Fpfx-1TUnz2Cpl4FqK_ft898QHNthfFqi9ZJSm6qeggyvi2=s1890" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1105" data-original-width="1890" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-eOPeDgg96VQKQoyy2wDNZN7AHRgdUmNNgQrHBeaSYZqyqXzf1GegQwoUMr8C6bbBcc6r13S1GKDzoicWrNSUWgy5fJb-HCQfo52ycb2X-hUkghG8tF7JCZczBNG1RZHJL3aOLNwn9Fpfx-1TUnz2Cpl4FqK_ft898QHNthfFqi9ZJSm6qeggyvi2=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCvu1iaZlfU304sws2AqQhZ-nip8rUxGDznSu0Lup6nLja0y2iP_aM60MGsAZofAuM-HPbCRsDjnJFru3DKIdKWVZRsFPMeuIZ7uGWlnsM8E1OGZk_SS3GXBhq1E1cSgek7kww3iI5gmLu4Bm92lEJ9qBoLq4FR0kQ-Pci5Dk3j4EVFdqOAfJRMkZ7=s1819" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1819" data-original-width="1299" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCvu1iaZlfU304sws2AqQhZ-nip8rUxGDznSu0Lup6nLja0y2iP_aM60MGsAZofAuM-HPbCRsDjnJFru3DKIdKWVZRsFPMeuIZ7uGWlnsM8E1OGZk_SS3GXBhq1E1cSgek7kww3iI5gmLu4Bm92lEJ9qBoLq4FR0kQ-Pci5Dk3j4EVFdqOAfJRMkZ7=w375-h524" width="375" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Beech Canopy</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7rEZPBIWnzn2POsjoM3TH6ZC4QoSVL1fBkpnC-NmSjtwSVFfVhA2DA1w8aZcgFKLID5uxzdKXo3D0QuF4Co7NHyayPJupp3Ir_ILaZ69ilDBtM7VCcq_c1_T6XVwEFIosos3FVQ8XcxyFmN88P4vKRK_hmMs8OQHAMkF56hjnQ2vu_-uTFqlrBE95=s1654" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7rEZPBIWnzn2POsjoM3TH6ZC4QoSVL1fBkpnC-NmSjtwSVFfVhA2DA1w8aZcgFKLID5uxzdKXo3D0QuF4Co7NHyayPJupp3Ir_ILaZ69ilDBtM7VCcq_c1_T6XVwEFIosos3FVQ8XcxyFmN88P4vKRK_hmMs8OQHAMkF56hjnQ2vu_-uTFqlrBE95=w475-h316" width="475" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Striders to the sea</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5Ony1vXMxXVo8wABb7XlVJEdTFswzCTW6yJa82tkMldlr08YX6XMSA1-U3VYfpOj3xcW_lExEMQldB8XO9WwxbBZtv1xhuozzzzgjsCaifphzpfGc05E4eXzWtJT_hLMCxid-_Lkek5eap1jRWpLndt11-olNZbTCWdEQJw3G96KmchQdImqqaw20=s1890" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1267" data-original-width="1890" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi5Ony1vXMxXVo8wABb7XlVJEdTFswzCTW6yJa82tkMldlr08YX6XMSA1-U3VYfpOj3xcW_lExEMQldB8XO9WwxbBZtv1xhuozzzzgjsCaifphzpfGc05E4eXzWtJT_hLMCxid-_Lkek5eap1jRWpLndt11-olNZbTCWdEQJw3G96KmchQdImqqaw20=w424-h285" width="424" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Whimbrels returning north to breed Feb 2022</div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-60019674376532507942021-12-23T13:21:00.001+00:002021-12-23T14:58:54.961+00:00Salthill Promenade 21st December 2021 – Winter Solstice.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgtOQT-pBrcNroucDNDXezKCw0G2OnFMleGV5KEXV-5K637a65-s7uQHLjdZ2uk37xktpblfFo24SyTBYcISlfEagO_LYdQQo-ln_FQdw6YVI3aDqR3fs6WSRj33A75eNtqmFvB7lCEgxdlN7ipJEh1RK_JLxM2Y0W5aBqllvt0GbRZXVKSP0ha422h=s1575" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1575" data-original-width="1181" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgtOQT-pBrcNroucDNDXezKCw0G2OnFMleGV5KEXV-5K637a65-s7uQHLjdZ2uk37xktpblfFo24SyTBYcISlfEagO_LYdQQo-ln_FQdw6YVI3aDqR3fs6WSRj33A75eNtqmFvB7lCEgxdlN7ipJEh1RK_JLxM2Y0W5aBqllvt0GbRZXVKSP0ha422h=w378-h504" width="378" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEihvX8baGCT_pEAmk2f4RTdYBrAYhprEbF2f1iKuLpYXg6FZDrydVXbZogv7QzGzW-QB_TKqWv_Xq0FpzXu6Xz60bywOnmHq8w9CLOQZQ2z6NAJ_SliHTeEWvKtDZzE2Ubb9jy6AVI2naUXkUREPwfORNWMIvltiKf647RoiI0mssdUTWgqG3nGybUJ=s1575" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1575" data-original-width="1181" height="493" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEihvX8baGCT_pEAmk2f4RTdYBrAYhprEbF2f1iKuLpYXg6FZDrydVXbZogv7QzGzW-QB_TKqWv_Xq0FpzXu6Xz60bywOnmHq8w9CLOQZQ2z6NAJ_SliHTeEWvKtDZzE2Ubb9jy6AVI2naUXkUREPwfORNWMIvltiKf647RoiI0mssdUTWgqG3nGybUJ=w370-h493" width="370" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A "Newgrange" midday shaft of light on Winter Solstice </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAf6_xFDpah7nnqWDUA26ksGzTs1hgVAbYfQAGeHJFDFjzc4TzGAjMCTZhjvM6EwVsxmz7mFqPrvVQSuiSmZcOfnEvM26JzZ3AnUyaFRXju9mduOaR4_8B4f8sTOyAE2Jb-qI0alqK7H7UAEGkabRNy5DTPRJuIR-sCCDAr7FG_A3fOGdHOe0f89XK=s1575" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="1575" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAf6_xFDpah7nnqWDUA26ksGzTs1hgVAbYfQAGeHJFDFjzc4TzGAjMCTZhjvM6EwVsxmz7mFqPrvVQSuiSmZcOfnEvM26JzZ3AnUyaFRXju9mduOaR4_8B4f8sTOyAE2Jb-qI0alqK7H7UAEGkabRNy5DTPRJuIR-sCCDAr7FG_A3fOGdHOe0f89XK=w492-h369" width="492" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBBx2Vp24UKtvHYGHLQoxASxt7mLd_qvJsb7-Z2oPEMitRJEcpEzSWJhAXVRBVBw53iISHxzRSaq6z4mDwXcznksA_Ju6XbUPRi3E6vNc0cdb3qGZ3q9-AAFGuF6wSgaZ-yS0ditys-B15DSsv-l1iPdBJySZwilUMofrjyRo1_BGKe1MM20DtaBVc=s2283" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="2283" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBBx2Vp24UKtvHYGHLQoxASxt7mLd_qvJsb7-Z2oPEMitRJEcpEzSWJhAXVRBVBw53iISHxzRSaq6z4mDwXcznksA_Ju6XbUPRi3E6vNc0cdb3qGZ3q9-AAFGuF6wSgaZ-yS0ditys-B15DSsv-l1iPdBJySZwilUMofrjyRo1_BGKe1MM20DtaBVc=w572-h286" width="572" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-39213603627815457412021-12-04T18:44:00.001+00:002021-12-04T18:44:10.101+00:00GALWAY WANDERINGS 4TH DECEMBER 2021<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzjkJdVc4GAe_b9vWZE9ZNF3E07QDW3WwhEhy2HT29YCU12Y6D4EFBbk_3HLzADagnvp206RYpPJ_fQ058SHMOBoTiC2rvAI4vvoIpTU9RQ7knu9Sw33zfLL0wiAbftuw2wx6EbwFXiQYHXXgUPX4En-fFQYlPxpgJvn_XiE58St3Zrenx-oqlnqdZ=s1654" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzjkJdVc4GAe_b9vWZE9ZNF3E07QDW3WwhEhy2HT29YCU12Y6D4EFBbk_3HLzADagnvp206RYpPJ_fQ058SHMOBoTiC2rvAI4vvoIpTU9RQ7knu9Sw33zfLL0wiAbftuw2wx6EbwFXiQYHXXgUPX4En-fFQYlPxpgJvn_XiE58St3Zrenx-oqlnqdZ=w419-h279" width="419" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The last two gates from 1850s Regulation Weir still working</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTz9HfgkFZfJWoGEJ31rCqbNk0JEOEr2sqBht4D_Se1ZROKqvB9XCz2frwpqnZ7rWkyRDKDXzL51_8oye9LPSBnt5ytIPlrthE6-zeH8srs6uVzcMSUXwnFM1w7-ve9VrICYJkFiopYpJ11fVUpo9nFlgPSZ0Kb5gig8xTr33IF5_IiLecF6dqizwn=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="2048" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhTz9HfgkFZfJWoGEJ31rCqbNk0JEOEr2sqBht4D_Se1ZROKqvB9XCz2frwpqnZ7rWkyRDKDXzL51_8oye9LPSBnt5ytIPlrthE6-zeH8srs6uVzcMSUXwnFM1w7-ve9VrICYJkFiopYpJ11fVUpo9nFlgPSZ0Kb5gig8xTr33IF5_IiLecF6dqizwn=w509-h338" width="509" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhL8I_ds3ETiLFwbmAqINr_y50WyxMP_2rUiMvLbohB2VANuhmyHYq1ou7SIRax3DMw5QSgRLWZ-JlOxiXeO_BKmWL8BdEgkL7Yq0iOGBpo-OsWNM4NPSJQ4EB362r6oSEDDSMhXlWWu7F8g24lXS3AmMJqkWX520rkMkFL9BhwR75eKYRtmTxbjwyu=s1772" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1772" data-original-width="1181" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhL8I_ds3ETiLFwbmAqINr_y50WyxMP_2rUiMvLbohB2VANuhmyHYq1ou7SIRax3DMw5QSgRLWZ-JlOxiXeO_BKmWL8BdEgkL7Yq0iOGBpo-OsWNM4NPSJQ4EB362r6oSEDDSMhXlWWu7F8g24lXS3AmMJqkWX520rkMkFL9BhwR75eKYRtmTxbjwyu=w313-h470" width="313" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Site of Medieval Galway's Little Gate that led to St Stephen's Island.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7M2qh_W4rjfhep3tkhgNStYdHoZwEUxEeJ5b31dK8XjiwDWyAV_j0uB92tYZnNNP6K0LwM_sXiU_MJqOhBfaevK_6TNdhkAN-aSN0Qwbibx9QGp8tn6rPq7uG1rZrGjTA7s8L2VNPO7X0hMY7coUvMsBZuDStzMToso01FYSQPHOATK5kEqnSKZAR=s1569" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1569" data-original-width="1181" height="487" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7M2qh_W4rjfhep3tkhgNStYdHoZwEUxEeJ5b31dK8XjiwDWyAV_j0uB92tYZnNNP6K0LwM_sXiU_MJqOhBfaevK_6TNdhkAN-aSN0Qwbibx9QGp8tn6rPq7uG1rZrGjTA7s8L2VNPO7X0hMY7coUvMsBZuDStzMToso01FYSQPHOATK5kEqnSKZAR=w367-h487" width="367" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Druid Lane aka Earl's Lane aka Courthouse Lane</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEii5VjgpoLTJ__71nxXXC0gfwkn0x4Pb-nFNr_mBcHzlbK5TI9Y39y1HMeI7SarOjW4dyGfFIQlv-h3ZKEqCkyu-ZqdKTnOm1QzP6YPcl6Au6VuWPzoGNE3B0FzhDlhxzwTtAdUaSA21eOaK_eA0UHBDMZuqJeQElVVDFxzTfcQfzKAjZZEUGQ2_2DD=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1366" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEii5VjgpoLTJ__71nxXXC0gfwkn0x4Pb-nFNr_mBcHzlbK5TI9Y39y1HMeI7SarOjW4dyGfFIQlv-h3ZKEqCkyu-ZqdKTnOm1QzP6YPcl6Au6VuWPzoGNE3B0FzhDlhxzwTtAdUaSA21eOaK_eA0UHBDMZuqJeQElVVDFxzTfcQfzKAjZZEUGQ2_2DD=w342-h514" width="342" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEkp_M0dJDbbHQ-vijNP8ZBPh_3hMZeltTg-clBy3SMeVE0hoeMe8G4Z6MyGBM0kVZQNV5MJCRbpBpDy8s8CxZyL0_NGIxKtyMDM6Fc8bTj_PEFkRDw-ObnTn_P7JOGc0UrySIDNwgEclSmw7JwtR2SXTCEpitExACwhYpYHOTV5ZE-agAQK5dcptX=s1654" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1238" data-original-width="1654" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEkp_M0dJDbbHQ-vijNP8ZBPh_3hMZeltTg-clBy3SMeVE0hoeMe8G4Z6MyGBM0kVZQNV5MJCRbpBpDy8s8CxZyL0_NGIxKtyMDM6Fc8bTj_PEFkRDw-ObnTn_P7JOGc0UrySIDNwgEclSmw7JwtR2SXTCEpitExACwhYpYHOTV5ZE-agAQK5dcptX=w511-h384" width="511" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Always something slightly sinister about carousel horses' grins</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhC92i3Icx7edqp4J_HSx82YAr3_h9etMHsUlgSfJ-otTgVUIXTUGYygjBqcr_d8p39uv1t3qrHfmgp7GYQ082-0RCaChL6oQT-3_VUwSly4HNNicOsCAyQW8MSfNw3KYBo3bBMOZt0NGr6LwN-xVgFhjNuqTmOHzPF1q0i6WfTs9ku67WfEGCt07SP=s1654" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhC92i3Icx7edqp4J_HSx82YAr3_h9etMHsUlgSfJ-otTgVUIXTUGYygjBqcr_d8p39uv1t3qrHfmgp7GYQ082-0RCaChL6oQT-3_VUwSly4HNNicOsCAyQW8MSfNw3KYBo3bBMOZt0NGr6LwN-xVgFhjNuqTmOHzPF1q0i6WfTs9ku67WfEGCt07SP=w448-h298" width="448" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiCLETJNiPJCtyqyhUPq0e7-EHOPrRJAlkKKh2JH-7AqQpCavfakdPBHGGu5aCs73tcLUT404IumPYq912ufkWMErDKO7BZPy8a1OuVx4jWmJmFOnTsngcs2A8yUZ-MndeLtphxbFTyg9xQ9U8nMkl2pPC_Tqyr2R4ZCalcd69oQqaufyghIHn_qjA=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1439" height="539" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiCLETJNiPJCtyqyhUPq0e7-EHOPrRJAlkKKh2JH-7AqQpCavfakdPBHGGu5aCs73tcLUT404IumPYq912ufkWMErDKO7BZPy8a1OuVx4jWmJmFOnTsngcs2A8yUZ-MndeLtphxbFTyg9xQ9U8nMkl2pPC_Tqyr2R4ZCalcd69oQqaufyghIHn_qjA=w379-h539" width="379" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWrrQBgPvCIkvp7MP7m2RPgSvYW2HX1EqjiiJ6fYQfVugd2WWkAlrTzAlkakceZKJxgKP_CfpIQtnYNt6GD-THEmPfhyqkIDHpNK7urf6yD1LN4KDy-cfL8pGZNBpQZAZNIlKDNe9AG1348jaydeWGwOVxBldFDYhaE0GljdP6Xpa0JaBJwhIvNkVv=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1286" data-original-width="2048" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWrrQBgPvCIkvp7MP7m2RPgSvYW2HX1EqjiiJ6fYQfVugd2WWkAlrTzAlkakceZKJxgKP_CfpIQtnYNt6GD-THEmPfhyqkIDHpNK7urf6yD1LN4KDy-cfL8pGZNBpQZAZNIlKDNe9AG1348jaydeWGwOVxBldFDYhaE0GljdP6Xpa0JaBJwhIvNkVv=w457-h287" width="457" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-81160734014715557232021-11-06T11:20:00.004+00:002021-11-06T11:20:46.965+00:00Autumn Colours and Shadows Galway Bay 5th November 2021<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHyP6TdmpT355lWicZ1FgJ1b0UNw0YiXnJiP709VU0yeg9W5ESysplmQvErBQRjQzTkdtJcGK3xsQevUIj7IcijsIko6kCfGfw0evWXZwt7x2HTJ_7UJa56TlT2foCiDB1ZNzmrWjt9Bs/s1535/the+briny+shore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1057" data-original-width="1535" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHyP6TdmpT355lWicZ1FgJ1b0UNw0YiXnJiP709VU0yeg9W5ESysplmQvErBQRjQzTkdtJcGK3xsQevUIj7IcijsIko6kCfGfw0evWXZwt7x2HTJ_7UJa56TlT2foCiDB1ZNzmrWjt9Bs/w523-h360/the+briny+shore.jpg" width="523" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Briny Shore</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDHRC5a0RJZ1tN8oTKyRFcWleBjiEO8Ax-pOxw9WFdqIW2574RvH8XcaWmRX55n417mxbV95JxG1Rtgipoo9I6gAuPL61OYBwT75g8Bs-XadhOiihMZjv-vD2Ep30hERT8xztb70HoKQ4/s2048/blackrock+shadows+051121.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1505" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDHRC5a0RJZ1tN8oTKyRFcWleBjiEO8Ax-pOxw9WFdqIW2574RvH8XcaWmRX55n417mxbV95JxG1Rtgipoo9I6gAuPL61OYBwT75g8Bs-XadhOiihMZjv-vD2Ep30hERT8xztb70HoKQ4/w378-h516/blackrock+shadows+051121.jpg" width="378" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Midday Shadows at Blackrock</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2RslAkTNJgkJDuC7vBvDya0aNodE51-nmVnge4YSw0NzqZ0Q52X1Hjpt-6g2nEVgas_G-PzHol-yVZ-ujCI4OJW5sV48EPZ-bA2Fr6WuYXdr70giFaHg4nqC_oVU0U7aiqpf7faaTec/s1772/galway+bay+big+skies+051121.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="989" data-original-width="1772" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2RslAkTNJgkJDuC7vBvDya0aNodE51-nmVnge4YSw0NzqZ0Q52X1Hjpt-6g2nEVgas_G-PzHol-yVZ-ujCI4OJW5sV48EPZ-bA2Fr6WuYXdr70giFaHg4nqC_oVU0U7aiqpf7faaTec/w539-h302/galway+bay+big+skies+051121.jpg" width="539" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big Skies south over Mutton Island in Galway Bay</span></div><br /><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-82373899283753105842021-08-26T17:19:00.002+01:002021-08-26T17:19:40.802+01:00LATE AUGUST HEDGEROW and EXISTENTIAL FRUIT<p><span style="font-size: large;">The hedgerow on the road beside our house is beginning to express itself in its existential fruit. Photographs taken this evening. The bramble and the red haws of the hawthorn or whitethorn bush and the deep violet-black of the sloes of the tangled blackthorn.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKuS6YZoTub7G7D1pzU1qFoOnhjzZsaGOLgFzUdCm7RDhIj-GawUB2H3h55y1Kvo23JTIQ00rhdFZqhN3pkls3iFfJ8-206CG31OVodbTt_rteAGBZjP3bpEd08Kzo-pcoq4RMQ8oJNS0/s1574/SLOE+AND+BRAMBLE+260821.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1181" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKuS6YZoTub7G7D1pzU1qFoOnhjzZsaGOLgFzUdCm7RDhIj-GawUB2H3h55y1Kvo23JTIQ00rhdFZqhN3pkls3iFfJ8-206CG31OVodbTt_rteAGBZjP3bpEd08Kzo-pcoq4RMQ8oJNS0/w320-h426/SLOE+AND+BRAMBLE+260821.1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The hawthorn sloe and bramble blackberry</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKvaUM-9OSP3MgGecNZGY_PubshGBbvoNrt_l5NkOXR-N5fDlVmdCzecaWds2NGjDTsFyT5X7iE29Gg0Zqtdfjz98PGxuv3tY7pJKa4MprXD2hfiRo8gzSaSa-ntUOfWbIUpkJpsjmEpY/s1574/SLOE+AND+BRAMBLE+260821.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1181" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKvaUM-9OSP3MgGecNZGY_PubshGBbvoNrt_l5NkOXR-N5fDlVmdCzecaWds2NGjDTsFyT5X7iE29Gg0Zqtdfjz98PGxuv3tY7pJKa4MprXD2hfiRo8gzSaSa-ntUOfWbIUpkJpsjmEpY/w344-h459/SLOE+AND+BRAMBLE+260821.2.jpg" width="344" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguXq0Gabz0t1l-0NizHRkbpa9kiZvQwAuDTaIV1JpCgtGGTleArLxLZWy41HmKmz0-V4_onGZI_ZI-4YYiEAmn3YFvTVbDti77ENVgfaQasQnjz0_fj6lZpJ1s18zV57AGeNucjXYDnBI/s1574/HAW+AND+BRAMBLE+260821.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1574" data-original-width="1181" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguXq0Gabz0t1l-0NizHRkbpa9kiZvQwAuDTaIV1JpCgtGGTleArLxLZWy41HmKmz0-V4_onGZI_ZI-4YYiEAmn3YFvTVbDti77ENVgfaQasQnjz0_fj6lZpJ1s18zV57AGeNucjXYDnBI/w298-h397/HAW+AND+BRAMBLE+260821.1.jpg" width="298" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Haws of Hawthorn and Bramble fruit.</div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-52262127460171970252021-07-19T00:02:00.003+01:002021-07-19T01:08:37.922+01:00CONNEMARA REFLECTIONS<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">LOUGH INAGH</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudZYukoiipUq-CgHoWXYfe1EspeG9pkAydutTBE0sNykmPSH6B8S3OVxyDBDgMFWLGUveaEQES8YgqdiL2qosGq5doM6IPMG5jgKR4UvVJb84dT5k_IVCG8rwuC5HyfVCfDcxfZ_z7JY/s1654/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="1654" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiudZYukoiipUq-CgHoWXYfe1EspeG9pkAydutTBE0sNykmPSH6B8S3OVxyDBDgMFWLGUveaEQES8YgqdiL2qosGq5doM6IPMG5jgKR4UvVJb84dT5k_IVCG8rwuC5HyfVCfDcxfZ_z7JY/w448-h263/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.1.jpg" width="448" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz3Ji9Heiu423D_ri6VQL1NLcMXtw1hR5FRP88ZlqYx4p7OuRi4mED8Q9lYAQWRK3ZTYkKWkAO87EOPExek3-F9Fulo3kUadTiioErS5mw_TR7DQTM-cWnRFEm-NEW0JUgKSBX_-1cZ5w/s1260/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="945" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz3Ji9Heiu423D_ri6VQL1NLcMXtw1hR5FRP88ZlqYx4p7OuRi4mED8Q9lYAQWRK3ZTYkKWkAO87EOPExek3-F9Fulo3kUadTiioErS5mw_TR7DQTM-cWnRFEm-NEW0JUgKSBX_-1cZ5w/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.3.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Emerald Moth</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY8xyOLBzCiEuosLQlvZpod0safHYGoFyabb-A8ANLL8NKZ-_VFpsucA6b1qxi5gbC2L1FpCrsc-cAagkGagdLuMMvQG_aqd7NqnN2AhYlvVOYOvAS6jASAYYPZ-1g4twfCWL1iBkuNJQ/s1606/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1606" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY8xyOLBzCiEuosLQlvZpod0safHYGoFyabb-A8ANLL8NKZ-_VFpsucA6b1qxi5gbC2L1FpCrsc-cAagkGagdLuMMvQG_aqd7NqnN2AhYlvVOYOvAS6jASAYYPZ-1g4twfCWL1iBkuNJQ/w441-h259/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.4.jpg" width="441" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUh_zJsOgNzbKzkYJPoRSoOIffmocHUBxqgRP692kv4fIGVHZ2tBhy08tK3P35hBtryIWREbYUXsV0MMaxj0ktDqo0Af76ou5-1P9fg84EInx5r6fzWDPzJcVNF5NrKyJ9iSqpKNi37yU/s1703/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1703" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUh_zJsOgNzbKzkYJPoRSoOIffmocHUBxqgRP692kv4fIGVHZ2tBhy08tK3P35hBtryIWREbYUXsV0MMaxj0ktDqo0Af76ou5-1P9fg84EInx5r6fzWDPzJcVNF5NrKyJ9iSqpKNi37yU/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNaBJi4HxvH3sv9EbedtJfHje9XuLVGvyGY3dMbH8jdKqyGkt3dny02ajv0VnFLh8EjkGuVHCr_dRSt6QQSFCEo3EJOEZDCrfIPOttVKXVqfxygoJJDPrvsdO7z75ZE8NAKwzYfmOKpNQ/s1248/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="1248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNaBJi4HxvH3sv9EbedtJfHje9XuLVGvyGY3dMbH8jdKqyGkt3dny02ajv0VnFLh8EjkGuVHCr_dRSt6QQSFCEo3EJOEZDCrfIPOttVKXVqfxygoJJDPrvsdO7z75ZE8NAKwzYfmOKpNQ/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaG6JIOh4xYz_thsdqqG5s242ZT41xaonSHrCsXyXbfjZnfDZGBujBbnw31rXoCXYoDl5l-wQjQx0ou9ZF4RJrE3AMQIff5bFEOrXH-nNyC93PAy4gODZotIFgGnl3OXUxwgp31WKfgTM/s1594/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1063" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaG6JIOh4xYz_thsdqqG5s242ZT41xaonSHrCsXyXbfjZnfDZGBujBbnw31rXoCXYoDl5l-wQjQx0ou9ZF4RJrE3AMQIff5bFEOrXH-nNyC93PAy4gODZotIFgGnl3OXUxwgp31WKfgTM/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.11.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8YzFV_njHQ4NFMOVUrUUsYBcwaNyRWgLsgGa9y8EXcs_Z9cNOenXAJyfrLD4jwKh0GlUg54_PfC9-8WvUWigWaSE4BtXvAFca7hjNgxPGUXHYefoTKXsMFYeM8aHEuUiyJBHqMV4n2o/s1706/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="902" data-original-width="1706" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA8YzFV_njHQ4NFMOVUrUUsYBcwaNyRWgLsgGa9y8EXcs_Z9cNOenXAJyfrLD4jwKh0GlUg54_PfC9-8WvUWigWaSE4BtXvAFca7hjNgxPGUXHYefoTKXsMFYeM8aHEuUiyJBHqMV4n2o/w423-h223/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.12.jpg" width="423" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7DHw-GsXJChMgVH1JhrAp2AzdNDDOlIgD5eWbJIJkXL3p1okfEdegfW3RYb10JMLC3m5kN5d7L_zPlqIXiO6azjT394CnFH8UrWYcQwgWo1KnS7PxlHh_nQAa92kwSVTt4ITTp_xpVoU/s1772/INAGH+VALLEY+SUNSET.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1772" data-original-width="1181" height="479" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7DHw-GsXJChMgVH1JhrAp2AzdNDDOlIgD5eWbJIJkXL3p1okfEdegfW3RYb10JMLC3m5kN5d7L_zPlqIXiO6azjT394CnFH8UrWYcQwgWo1KnS7PxlHh_nQAa92kwSVTt4ITTp_xpVoU/w319-h479/INAGH+VALLEY+SUNSET.jpg" width="319" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">SUNSET INAGH VALLEY</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhB-pKdjmEfKZsnM-c31mN6ZwDWjo8ZxiUhSQYWW2YWl2B4vIyQ4FhVjIChw2Gvc2ePORcvXIo9u8kDJq7agMWacXzZQolJR6sMe__IdI_dYjfHRd1avaEEbhve5yLHLuQQ_hTBZuu8Oc/s1654/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhB-pKdjmEfKZsnM-c31mN6ZwDWjo8ZxiUhSQYWW2YWl2B4vIyQ4FhVjIChw2Gvc2ePORcvXIo9u8kDJq7agMWacXzZQolJR6sMe__IdI_dYjfHRd1avaEEbhve5yLHLuQQ_hTBZuu8Oc/w470-h313/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.13.jpg" width="470" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">THE PILGRIMS' ROAD TO MÁM ÉAN ( Maumeen) FROM INAGH </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">THROUGH THE MAMTURK MOUNTAINS. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">[Mám Éan - The Pass of the Birds]</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbgypuKVTJYISZ2wIOYD-xpegLe16L6J1RME7NOWwQV7iohPHNiQYCQulvMj38AqEiXt2j1s1bwoU2Dv6x_61szSN-8aDsQlpua8sxdLNSlYYxD2Tclx7faqXOVM1E2jt05FBxQswHkA/s1594/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1063" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbgypuKVTJYISZ2wIOYD-xpegLe16L6J1RME7NOWwQV7iohPHNiQYCQulvMj38AqEiXt2j1s1bwoU2Dv6x_61szSN-8aDsQlpua8sxdLNSlYYxD2Tclx7faqXOVM1E2jt05FBxQswHkA/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.14.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskNGBdKccEG0LND2VyyMfgepqjn08R5nm-LtmlzK17_0650o74oZEvbynhQmJc-nnnJS6riixRhHa9NB6GyoqboW1t59mCImpnfjJUd2YKAnt6KHf4hyphenhyphenYGXItZ1I_aPnqOIwdRvXjOTA/s1646/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1646" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskNGBdKccEG0LND2VyyMfgepqjn08R5nm-LtmlzK17_0650o74oZEvbynhQmJc-nnnJS6riixRhHa9NB6GyoqboW1t59mCImpnfjJUd2YKAnt6KHf4hyphenhyphenYGXItZ1I_aPnqOIwdRvXjOTA/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.15.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8rNLwLFk7DJ72FOIpDYUP15JbNVOvUFlcME-f8mqj001-o3dI_iZ43yg6WvpDV8Ak_FXBZJKkLBB_yxbqDgcxQZ-_H5y5gBxfCXqdGGnnIk0BeOUbdxieeBUdQhQf_zxC8k6lBLeWYY/s1122/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="926" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8rNLwLFk7DJ72FOIpDYUP15JbNVOvUFlcME-f8mqj001-o3dI_iZ43yg6WvpDV8Ak_FXBZJKkLBB_yxbqDgcxQZ-_H5y5gBxfCXqdGGnnIk0BeOUbdxieeBUdQhQf_zxC8k6lBLeWYY/s320/LOUGH+INAGH+170721.9.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">KYLEMORE LAKE</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHYYjeVPy1Dfk-1lmlakoB9rDGiyJvoCHb-ZPpTeRqi1MVWO-iQLRT_AYuG0QasjoQJ_c3isVhrrpB4UU_vBYFkbo3gUqGM9mH4eBRmI_bflktukanRT5ChR1S9qzLJ33u4fbjJVrPcc/s1417/KylemoreLough.1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHYYjeVPy1Dfk-1lmlakoB9rDGiyJvoCHb-ZPpTeRqi1MVWO-iQLRT_AYuG0QasjoQJ_c3isVhrrpB4UU_vBYFkbo3gUqGM9mH4eBRmI_bflktukanRT5ChR1S9qzLJ33u4fbjJVrPcc/s320/KylemoreLough.1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOuot-CeH6vwqOMcKA2suSQ_Wa6uLvpNHyIXMcR1hEtUJH8ErquW3D7o3qpwbduFJG_sUotUJvF2LJCsugCw4DDenWQfF8Box5ehUAtqwH6hFlHWh4sJVxkRjVOYmYhMJKwa9lsx-0u3Q/s1654/KylemoreLough.2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1654" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOuot-CeH6vwqOMcKA2suSQ_Wa6uLvpNHyIXMcR1hEtUJH8ErquW3D7o3qpwbduFJG_sUotUJvF2LJCsugCw4DDenWQfF8Box5ehUAtqwH6hFlHWh4sJVxkRjVOYmYhMJKwa9lsx-0u3Q/w446-h230/KylemoreLough.2.jpg" width="446" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN5gvAKpgiS82-dUSy5qF8NJZowPiV_oHaLPx90OPO3A3M8j4jZsz6Wb4cT2DiCsekUmPDu7kB1yj5p2C-yFCMizwM76OMFwd7n0EwgfYn4YGSlXfOme77bNSlrjTY6UMSjIOhwS1p3Vg/s1654/KylemoreLough.5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1654" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN5gvAKpgiS82-dUSy5qF8NJZowPiV_oHaLPx90OPO3A3M8j4jZsz6Wb4cT2DiCsekUmPDu7kB1yj5p2C-yFCMizwM76OMFwd7n0EwgfYn4YGSlXfOme77bNSlrjTY6UMSjIOhwS1p3Vg/w416-h233/KylemoreLough.5.jpg" width="416" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">LOOKING TOWARDS MOUTH OF KILLARY HARBOUR</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3MjkUaPWlBAeaWyHO-FPDwg4T92v7gPn-YW_ZUcP7Y3tQ5Fh-IpcbZzmtGLV3VOE9-LFEh577dpqdYZtASyKfXRJ6jBocuGB90xGRfsPMq4RKBW5EG_fVhz9W5NcbcQnwJ4vxJUo23PY/s1833/Glassilaun+Beach+170721.4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1833" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3MjkUaPWlBAeaWyHO-FPDwg4T92v7gPn-YW_ZUcP7Y3tQ5Fh-IpcbZzmtGLV3VOE9-LFEh577dpqdYZtASyKfXRJ6jBocuGB90xGRfsPMq4RKBW5EG_fVhz9W5NcbcQnwJ4vxJUo23PY/s320/Glassilaun+Beach+170721.4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-18605826895237042392021-07-05T23:21:00.001+01:002021-07-05T23:21:23.934+01:00THE CLINTS OF ÁRAINN (Inishmore - Aran Islands, Galway)<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxTlSIsxKnSNMdHBLCd1C6v2-lAjeOc7BxFF1Y-enFyySqEods87NJOMeb86uuRv24rmfyjbvy3l_fEe4B9xTNTWduspGTKsQKtEfr1_2U7p7blco25z_InB3rb7SQ08AReoY8jJRcTfA/s1654/A%25CC%2581rainn%2528inismore%2529.40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1654" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxTlSIsxKnSNMdHBLCd1C6v2-lAjeOc7BxFF1Y-enFyySqEods87NJOMeb86uuRv24rmfyjbvy3l_fEe4B9xTNTWduspGTKsQKtEfr1_2U7p7blco25z_InB3rb7SQ08AReoY8jJRcTfA/w481-h320/A%25CC%2581rainn%2528inismore%2529.40.jpg" width="481" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The wet slabs of limestone (clints) that make up much of the karst of the Aran Islands give the appearance of bog pools or lakes with boulders and walls "floating" across their surface.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOoz23pokL6aJcC_NkAoiIxbWGpt8LKU5xPKLRDzJQG4rWO7eDBztKlz1rlsXvyB6eUACDkxWcXEr-qgGzR3_hgNxaAg7DGzHDWaKlnWuAGxJAUmGcSZTss-Al5FbpSa3UZxM0GbgbNM/s1772/A%25CC%2581rainn%2528inismore%2529.41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1772" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOoz23pokL6aJcC_NkAoiIxbWGpt8LKU5xPKLRDzJQG4rWO7eDBztKlz1rlsXvyB6eUACDkxWcXEr-qgGzR3_hgNxaAg7DGzHDWaKlnWuAGxJAUmGcSZTss-Al5FbpSa3UZxM0GbgbNM/w561-h291/A%25CC%2581rainn%2528inismore%2529.41.jpg" width="561" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dglSRBYxM6L5WMmnu-N_7Y8qQArlc14n86A24ciWVm6bXL4kFFpyU-YhrpBSnUYUQd-bMUUee0WAQFnrjf4abTrmvmsu4uSa8sKu7H66isyJlLvaUHOZr8iLBcDYr9k_gkpaMU_LyZI/s1654/A%25CC%2581rainn%2528inismore%2529.43.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="1102" height="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dglSRBYxM6L5WMmnu-N_7Y8qQArlc14n86A24ciWVm6bXL4kFFpyU-YhrpBSnUYUQd-bMUUee0WAQFnrjf4abTrmvmsu4uSa8sKu7H66isyJlLvaUHOZr8iLBcDYr9k_gkpaMU_LyZI/w363-h545/A%25CC%2581rainn%2528inismore%2529.43.jpg" width="363" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-77548160452585817972021-06-17T22:39:00.001+01:002021-06-17T22:39:58.622+01:00GALWAY TOWN and COUNTY OF THE TOWN MEANDERINGS 17th June 2021<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq7rMtlj87UF929G9tbHl9gN1jzmO43ywCshJzDc6KNEAM8ecCgm2srQinRz7EXuvu1rZYO-PQyh1dcfomm0EyDmtQYQXm4c2lPq2JKieXdLJnQcyIcTkKzIWKasYSu5yXjhuj5XMS0S0/s1772/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1772" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq7rMtlj87UF929G9tbHl9gN1jzmO43ywCshJzDc6KNEAM8ecCgm2srQinRz7EXuvu1rZYO-PQyh1dcfomm0EyDmtQYQXm4c2lPq2JKieXdLJnQcyIcTkKzIWKasYSu5yXjhuj5XMS0S0/w495-h280/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.1.jpg" width="495" /></a></div> <p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: center;">Joe Lee Climate Change installation in Fisheries Field, Galway</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWfLugnC1ICIU9p6wxcWRRGiQ5-rWtyaMjXqVKuWTUctk5pVI2OvSVDMiEGUDE70zUetX9Dw3vzrvmnqzgSO3zTz6F16mLiiVaQ9lfpNWWPREbD34uO4-OQLDI02NjT-m6jHQb7GW-V5M/s1594/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1063" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWfLugnC1ICIU9p6wxcWRRGiQ5-rWtyaMjXqVKuWTUctk5pVI2OvSVDMiEGUDE70zUetX9Dw3vzrvmnqzgSO3zTz6F16mLiiVaQ9lfpNWWPREbD34uO4-OQLDI02NjT-m6jHQb7GW-V5M/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.9.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The yellow (bog) Iris (<i>feileastram</i>)</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3U6-N-o86n5FYMB1Z1Z1wH-lbbTdJ40i3Op988khfqQfufxvfpVhN1z-i39j8aga0P4TSgaMOQDh9vdMT-EcAEjO6v7c57i88cUe8kupBwYSSN3rSGVdLLvWtZlOdg-EMlaVLdrQ8v0/s1347/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1347" data-original-width="981" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3U6-N-o86n5FYMB1Z1Z1wH-lbbTdJ40i3Op988khfqQfufxvfpVhN1z-i39j8aga0P4TSgaMOQDh9vdMT-EcAEjO6v7c57i88cUe8kupBwYSSN3rSGVdLLvWtZlOdg-EMlaVLdrQ8v0/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.8.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Bog-Cotton (<i>ceannbhán </i>or whitehead)</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFvnDLRPLeyAiLG-DfdjgP9OI-AWXtH81Ll_ZsUkyRlRJIUEYy4eooApt8RmF5lvMrfY2fS8Yy1PHu3-4FNsQZzZL3ly2sz5bYnSBKtPKiJb3MvxdKMdpJEitO9iScp_jPxnm7nXrX1hQ/s1594/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="1063" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFvnDLRPLeyAiLG-DfdjgP9OI-AWXtH81Ll_ZsUkyRlRJIUEYy4eooApt8RmF5lvMrfY2fS8Yy1PHu3-4FNsQZzZL3ly2sz5bYnSBKtPKiJb3MvxdKMdpJEitO9iScp_jPxnm7nXrX1hQ/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.7.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHChHFMzFEJkgdUosyoPnwqidKujlKjDzimOs-AJSlNwWLuN3vD2dl_uJxfW0T5xWZ0JWviQZGwubhOkZ5NSkN26_GgcqNDmfACv4SJISFpFLQs7UeLVGrs99xB8FrtqFwAWEt99xAkII/s1535/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1535" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHChHFMzFEJkgdUosyoPnwqidKujlKjDzimOs-AJSlNwWLuN3vD2dl_uJxfW0T5xWZ0JWviQZGwubhOkZ5NSkN26_GgcqNDmfACv4SJISFpFLQs7UeLVGrs99xB8FrtqFwAWEt99xAkII/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Heron's Rest</div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9K6ZjDXqYzpGPqPlMyJvj_OXrl0VfsT5d14Hw-LGGOqTFJgJ7MBvk3zGeSHJYic8hyphenhyphen7XilvbVx8oqRei8As9q2U0Hvf9b1MlLL1m2wgUUCsLW81DW0BHBMPsLrdaHNp6ODwdvkngNv2Y/s1311/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1311" data-original-width="948" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9K6ZjDXqYzpGPqPlMyJvj_OXrl0VfsT5d14Hw-LGGOqTFJgJ7MBvk3zGeSHJYic8hyphenhyphen7XilvbVx8oqRei8As9q2U0Hvf9b1MlLL1m2wgUUCsLW81DW0BHBMPsLrdaHNp6ODwdvkngNv2Y/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.4.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDxbrEjhxfnsZzm9MWb7rhfaUyhlGMdsWMcM_N7bizfGOTea5yv4_6tF_laKwhl_mBXAb3Y0kbF5MR9jK4T1FmF5mFz_87lLH0oe3JLzatVdX5XwqZu04fXhxbeghA1GbNLSrPTAki8Jw/s1389/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1389" data-original-width="999" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDxbrEjhxfnsZzm9MWb7rhfaUyhlGMdsWMcM_N7bizfGOTea5yv4_6tF_laKwhl_mBXAb3Y0kbF5MR9jK4T1FmF5mFz_87lLH0oe3JLzatVdX5XwqZu04fXhxbeghA1GbNLSrPTAki8Jw/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.5.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">A river of Salmon (<i>Abhainn bhrádánach</i>)</div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe7UoENAmetSQN2CwRJgAnO4smirefh-id3Iy9e0YM2Y30lzD3L1wB_3fgAz5PQt8AP0vVeROV36vXsbnjfcOuHkvMr8jYukMY2UeXmHLxeaf0-Z-1LN7zejosN4tIq5g1dTlou_65cCA/s1634/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="940" data-original-width="1634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe7UoENAmetSQN2CwRJgAnO4smirefh-id3Iy9e0YM2Y30lzD3L1wB_3fgAz5PQt8AP0vVeROV36vXsbnjfcOuHkvMr8jYukMY2UeXmHLxeaf0-Z-1LN7zejosN4tIq5g1dTlou_65cCA/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKyCh037E-Zo0A0tUwbHj8qLnCqVcA4lm2vnQ8s6ZYxY2gg9IRDfLJUjtVdUtIyYF1X6KbIRusTdNkr7g5ECjPUWxdTidcO3b_UylNlp8K6sJav6-tdH2QVjFF3DYbWgRG_CBGnfjzhg/s1628/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1628" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKyCh037E-Zo0A0tUwbHj8qLnCqVcA4lm2vnQ8s6ZYxY2gg9IRDfLJUjtVdUtIyYF1X6KbIRusTdNkr7g5ECjPUWxdTidcO3b_UylNlp8K6sJav6-tdH2QVjFF3DYbWgRG_CBGnfjzhg/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The 1850 (two gates left) and 1950 Salmon Weir. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The Salmon pass is in the middle.</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx_vPNVRgPwa8f43fNxnvxg3gSvSc6uDJTE4MSDg4rwQ5p6TBox4nGllwN1UgpI2Skrw98W6Z33nlWe4aEr5AEqTPd1QhEW-AYSgFf7qgt7oBIKgqCEXDYlhM_SyyoxZrRrRhNj70FVc0/s1158/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="1158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx_vPNVRgPwa8f43fNxnvxg3gSvSc6uDJTE4MSDg4rwQ5p6TBox4nGllwN1UgpI2Skrw98W6Z33nlWe4aEr5AEqTPd1QhEW-AYSgFf7qgt7oBIKgqCEXDYlhM_SyyoxZrRrRhNj70FVc0/s320/Town%2526Country+Meanderings+170621.10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Move over! There were a tremendous number of bumble bees</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">feeding on the tufted vetch.</div><br /><br /><p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8654583219820488735.post-67589220306611444522021-06-14T23:15:00.000+01:002021-06-14T23:15:29.160+01:00POPPIES and PEAS<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeUzG1cEITUIbohm9LJUhDMTZ5BfugnJ5vwDQ9Vy0Ze1sqNdiuTWHHzMWfxAFVuNlXZButYp2p5jEDCL82LPuf7uu-2CBSHtZaUBu_-HNukbejib9haM44r6aTI8uU43ai8uY9LwHg0UE/s1654/POPPIES+and+Peas+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1240" data-original-width="1654" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeUzG1cEITUIbohm9LJUhDMTZ5BfugnJ5vwDQ9Vy0Ze1sqNdiuTWHHzMWfxAFVuNlXZButYp2p5jEDCL82LPuf7uu-2CBSHtZaUBu_-HNukbejib9haM44r6aTI8uU43ai8uY9LwHg0UE/w456-h342/POPPIES+and+Peas+1.jpg" width="456" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5bF_iJeRfQ9myy_Wg9K82GIjuqBpjkoSVoqHS7uOPPkbHOfwBMCUtcYF7QQSsr-ME40PXL9JWXnG30JKVKuo0pSr2u4IQRhdZkKHdSJCeo1RuWkSWYRWsP5WV1kac5Hg7aCgYglJ2HBA/s1599/POPPIES+and+PEAS+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1599" data-original-width="1063" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5bF_iJeRfQ9myy_Wg9K82GIjuqBpjkoSVoqHS7uOPPkbHOfwBMCUtcYF7QQSsr-ME40PXL9JWXnG30JKVKuo0pSr2u4IQRhdZkKHdSJCeo1RuWkSWYRWsP5WV1kac5Hg7aCgYglJ2HBA/w309-h464/POPPIES+and+PEAS+2.jpg" width="309" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Roger Derhamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11227097521861499134noreply@blogger.com0